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A Semantic /Historical Study on the Semantic Network and Isolated. Usages of So Called "Function Words" in English

语义网络和孤立的语义/历史研究。

基本信息

批准号：
16520293
负责人：
KATO Kozo
金额：
$ 1.92万
依托单位：
Shinshu University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This research has investigated the polysemy of English prepositions from a cognitive linguistic and historical perspective. The specific prepositions dealt with are by, as, for, and with. The followings are the summary for each study■ by We have found that in the OE period, the central meaning of this word was <Somewhere Around>, but this has changed to <Through> by the ME period. This conclusion can explain why isolated usages of by, such as by day and by night, survive only as fixed phrases.■ as This word evolved from OE (all) so rich so X(present translation as rich as X). The so in the subordinate clause evolved into PE so, and that in the main clause evolved into PE as. The conjunction as has seemingly the opposite meaning of REASON and CONCESSION, but we concluded that this phenomenon occurs because (i) it is not as that has these meanings, but (ii) human beings tend to interpret two clauses that are juxtaposed as REASON or CONCESSION (this phenomenon can also be seen in the case … More of and, the participial construction, and so on), so it is the human cognition that make these meanings.■ for This word meant <In front of> before the OE period, but it has experienced semantic change, and by OE, before (by + for) took its place. For already had non-spatial meanings in the OE period, and this is because if A is before B, it is also true that B is before A, hence there was ambiguity in direction. The meaning of <Duration> and <Goal> came from French pour. Also, this research on for has become the support for our theory on the isolated usages and fixed phrases developed in the research on by.■ with The significant characteristic of this word is that it does not designate any point in space, and it has many meanings that seem unrelated: it has the meaning of <Accompaniment>, <Agreement>; it also has the meaning of <Against>, which is opposite from the meaning of <Accompaniment>; it also has the meaning of <Situation>, <Instrument>, which does not seem to be related to other meanings. This peculiarity can only be explained by positing that these meanings do not derive from the meaning of with itself, but from the cognition that human beings tend to make.Lastly, we have also carried out research on the semantics of Japanese postpositions, de and ni, in order to advance our research into comparative linguistics. The result of this comparative linguistics will be developed and demonstrated in our presentations in the workshop of 22^<nd> National Conference of the English Linguistic Society of Japan. Less

本研究从认知语言学和历史学的角度对英语介词的多义性进行了研究。具体涉及的介词有by、as、for和with。我们发现，在OE时期，这个词的中心意思是，但到了ME时期，这个词的中心意思<Somewhere Around>已经改变了<Through>。这一结论可以解释为什么by的孤立用法，如by day和by night，只作为固定短语而存在。■ as This word evolved from OE（all）so rich so X（现在的翻译和X一样丰富）。从句中的so演变成PE so，主句中的that演变成PE as。连词as似乎具有与REASON和CONCESSION相反的含义，但我们得出结论，这种现象的发生是因为（i）它不是as that具有这些含义，但（ii）人类倾向于将并列的两个子句解释为REASON或CONCESSION（这种现象也可以在以下情况中看到： ...更多信息 of and，分词结构，等等），所以是人类的认知造就了这些意义。■ for这个词的意思<In front of>在OE时期之前，但它经历了语义的变化，到OE，before（by + for）取代了它的位置。因为在OE时期已经具有非空间意义，这是因为如果A在B之前，则B也在A之前，因此方向上存在歧义。and的意思<Duration><Goal>来自法语pour。此外，对for的研究也为我们在对by. with的研究中发展起来的孤立用法和固定短语的理论提供了支持。这个词的显著特点是它不表示空间上的任何一点，它有许多似乎无关的意义：它有…的意义<Accompaniment><Agreement>;它也有…的意义<Against>，这与…的意义相反<Accompaniment>;它也有…的意义<Situation><Instrument>，这似乎与其他意义无关。这种特殊性只能通过假定这些意义不是来自with本身的意义，而是来自人类倾向于做出的认知来解释。最后，我们还对日语后置词“的”和“你”的语义进行了研究，以推进我们的比较语言学研究。这一比较语言学的成果将在日本英语语言学会第22届全国会议的研讨会上得到发展和展示<nd>。少