Transition of organization of living space and environmental view in Japan

1.两个关键概念（“生活空间的组织”和“环境观”）是压倒一切的基础，每个成员都得出了以下结论。对维达里概念的批判性重新审视证明，它比批评家们所想的更有意义。本文探讨了日本人原始的居住空间组织方式与环境观的关系。(1)这种关系体现在冲绳和濑户内海地区村落空间秩序的象征性特征中。(2)古建筑的布局被认为与周围的山峰有联系，并参照道教进行解释。(3)通过与明治时期外国人定居点的比较，考察了日本的特点。物理和社会的限制如何反映在生活空间的组织进行了讨论。(1)在阿索火山最西端发展起来的传统灌溉系统，是在可允许沉积量的限制下发展起来的，反映了该地区的社会组织和人们的环境观。(2)信浓川下游的农民为了从有限的、排水不良的稻田中获得最大的收益，形成了一种特殊的生活空间组织形式。一种为生存而发挥基本功能的生活空间组织，与行政组织等构成沿着复杂的结构，并在历史进程中经历着实质性的变化。(1)山村传统的刀耕火种式耕作需要有一大片土地来组织。但林业的发展导致了空间组织结构的简化。(2)墓地是一种必不可少但又很消耗空间的做法。讨论了人们对这一空间的态度及其变化。

1. Two key concepts ("organization of living space" and "environmental view") are the overriding basis, on which each member made the following findings.2. Critical reexamination of the Vidalian concept proved that it is more relevant than critics had ever thought.3. A relationship between Japanese original organization of living space and their environmental view is investigated. (1) Such a relationship is embodied in a symbolic character of spatial order of villages in Okinawa and the Seto Inland Sea region. (2) The arrangement of ancient buildings, which is thought to have a connection with the surrounding mountain peaks, is interpreted with reference to Taoism. (3) The Japanese characteristics are examined in comparison to the foreigners' settlements in Meiji era.4. How physical and social constraints reflect on the organization of living space is discussed. (1) The traditional irrigation system developed on the west piedmost of Aso Vol-cano against the restriction imposed by permiable deposition, reflects the social organization in the region and people's environmental view. (2) A special type of organization of living space was formed by farmers in the lower reaches of Shinano River in order to maximize the yealds from the limited and ill-drained paddy fields.5. An organization of living space to perform fundamental functions for existence forms a complex structure along with an administrative organization and others, and undergoes substantial changes in the course of history. (1) Traditional swidden cultivation in a mountain village required an extensive area to be organized. But development of forestry has resulted in simplification of the structure of spatial organization. (2) A graveyard is an indispensable but space-consuming practice. People's attitude toward this space and its changes are discussed.