Cadmium Health Effects and its Prevention

1988~1990年，对中国地区4个地区的环境镉污染及其健康效应进行了研究。中国最大的锌干炼厂焙烧、蒸馏、铸锭和镉精炼厂空气中镉含量分别为2.5~6.5、10.8~23.3、2.8~4.7和0.01~0.16 mg/m~3，均显著高于最高允许浓度(0.05 mg/m~3)，土壤和牧草中镉污染严重，500 m处空气、土壤和草中镉含量分别为0.02 mg/m~3、115~202 m g/g和196~580 m g/g。铸锭厂镉过量暴露、肾功能障碍和肾脏疾病的患病率分别为93.3%、40.0%和13.3%，镉精炼厂工人分别为54.5%、36.4%和0%，焙烧厂分别为45.3%、16.8%和0%。中国最大的碱性电池厂之一的空气也受到了合理的镉污染：大小电池组装厂的镉污染水平分别为24.1、1.2-2.2 mg/m^3。…中小麦中的镉土壤镉含量较低(1.1-8.6µg/g)，面积较大，为200-771µg/g。工人和居民镉超标和肾功能不全的患病率分别为33.3%和16.7%。在一家小型电池组装厂和一家大型电池组装厂的工人中，过度接触和肾功能障碍的比例分别为33.3%和16.7%。铅干精炼厂空气中镉含量为0.03~0.20，熔炼厂和镉精炼厂空气中镉含量为0.01~0.08µg/m~3。距厂区500m的空气、土壤和草地中的镉含量分别为0.00~0.03 mg/m~3、0.4~57µg/g和1~21µg/g。过量接触和肾功能不全的患病率分别为20.0%和1.1%。另一家锌精炼厂的原料铸造厂、电解厂和铸锭厂空气中的镉含量分别为3.7~4.2 mg/m~3、0.72~0.95 mg/m~3、0.06 mg/m~3。164名作业工人中有46.7%存在过量接触，10.7%存在肾功能不全。以上数据表明，空气中镉的最高浓度应为0.05 mg/m~(-3)，并应及早通过生物监测发现镉的健康效应：尿镉>10ug/gcr，尿β_2-微球蛋白>300和1000ug/gcr。较少

Environmental pollution with cadmium and its related health effects were studied at 4 areas in China in 1988-1990. Cadmium in the air of the largest dry refinery of zinc in China were 2.5-6.5, 10.8-23.3, 2.8-4.7 and 0.01-0.16 mg/m^3 in roasting, distillation, ingot casting and cadmium refinery plants, which were significantly higher than the maximum allowable concentration (0.05 mg/m^3), and soil and grass were also heavily contaminated with cadmium : 0.02 mg/m^3, 115-202 mug/g and 196-580 mug/g in the air, soil and grass 500 m away the factory. Prevalences of excessive exposure to cadmium, renal dysfunctions and renal disease were 93.3, 40.0 and 13.3% in an ingot casting plant, 54.5, 36.4 and 0% of workers of a cadmium refinery plant, 45.3, 16.8 and 0% in a roasting plant, respectively. The air of one of the largest alkaline battery factory in China was also reasonably contaminated with cadmium : 24.1, 1.2-2.2 mg/m^3 in large and small battery assembly plants. Cadmium in wheat in the … More area was high as 200-771 mug/g regardless of low cadmium in soil (1.1-8.6 mug/g). Prevalences of excessive cadmium exposure and renal dysfunctions of workers and residents were 33.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were 33.3 and 16.7% among workers in a small-battery assembly plant and a large-battery assembly plant. Cadmium in the air of the lead dry refinery was 0.03-0.20 and 0.01-0.08 mug/m^3 of melting and cadmium refinery plants. Cadmium in the air, soil and grass 500 m away from the factory were 0.00-0.03 mg/m^3, 0.4-57 mug/g and 1-21 mug/g, respectively. Prevalences of excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were 20.0 and 1.1%. Cadmium in the air of another zinc refinery were 3.7-4.2, 0.72-0.95, 0.06 mg/m^3 in raw material casting, electrolysis and cadmium ingot casting Plants, respectively. Excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were found in 46.7 and 10.7% of 164 workers. All the above data may indicate that maximum concentration of cadmium in the air shall be 0.05mg/m^3, and that cadmium health effects shall be detected early by biological monitoring : urine cadmium above 10 mug/gCr and urine beta_2-microglobulin above 300 and 1,000 mug/gCr, respectively. Less