Cadmium Health Effects and its Prevention

1988 ~ 1990年在我国4个地区进行了镉环境污染及其健康效应的研究。国内最大的干法炼锌厂焙烧、蒸馏、铸锭和炼镉车间空气中镉含量分别为2.5-6.5、10.8-23.3、2.8-4.7和0.01-0.16 mg/m^3，明显高于最高允许浓度土壤和草地也受到严重的镉污染，在工厂500 m外的空气、土壤和草地中分别为0.02 mg/m^3、115-202 mug/g和196-580 mug/g。铸锭厂镉过量暴露、肾功能障碍和肾病的患病率分别为93.3%、40.0%和13.3%，镉精炼厂工人的患病率分别为54.5%、36.4%和0%，焙烧厂工人的患病率分别为45.3%、16.8%和0%。中国最大的碱性电池工厂之一的空气中也受到了镉的合理污染：24.1，大型和小型电池组装厂的镉含量为1.2-2.2 mg/m^3。2000年小麦中的镉 ...更多信息 尽管土壤中镉含量较低（1.1-8.6 μ g/g），但该地区的镉含量高达200-771 μ g/g。工人和居民镉过量暴露和肾功能损害的患病率分别为33.3%和16.7%。在小型电池组装厂和大型电池组装厂的工人中，过量暴露和肾功能障碍分别为33.3%和16.7%。铅干法精炼厂空气中的镉含量为0.03-0.20 mug/m^3，而熔炼厂和镉精炼厂空气中的镉含量为0.01-0.08 mug/m^3。距工厂500 m处空气、土壤和草地中的镉含量分别为0.00-0.03 mg/m^3、0.4-57 mug/g和1-21 mug/g。过量暴露和肾功能障碍的患病率分别为20.0%和1.1%。另一家锌冶炼厂原料铸造厂、电解厂和镉锭铸造厂空气中镉含量分别为3.7-4.2、0.72-0.95、0.06 mg/m^3。164名工人中46.7%和10.7%的人存在过量接触和肾功能损害。上述数据表明，空气中镉的最大浓度应控制在0.05mg/m^3，并通过生物监测及早发现镉的健康效应：尿镉> 10 μ g/gCr，尿β_2-微球蛋白> 300和1,000 μ g/gCr。少

Environmental pollution with cadmium and its related health effects were studied at 4 areas in China in 1988-1990. Cadmium in the air of the largest dry refinery of zinc in China were 2.5-6.5, 10.8-23.3, 2.8-4.7 and 0.01-0.16 mg/m^3 in roasting, distillation, ingot casting and cadmium refinery plants, which were significantly higher than the maximum allowable concentration (0.05 mg/m^3), and soil and grass were also heavily contaminated with cadmium : 0.02 mg/m^3, 115-202 mug/g and 196-580 mug/g in the air, soil and grass 500 m away the factory. Prevalences of excessive exposure to cadmium, renal dysfunctions and renal disease were 93.3, 40.0 and 13.3% in an ingot casting plant, 54.5, 36.4 and 0% of workers of a cadmium refinery plant, 45.3, 16.8 and 0% in a roasting plant, respectively. The air of one of the largest alkaline battery factory in China was also reasonably contaminated with cadmium : 24.1, 1.2-2.2 mg/m^3 in large and small battery assembly plants. Cadmium in wheat in the … More area was high as 200-771 mug/g regardless of low cadmium in soil (1.1-8.6 mug/g). Prevalences of excessive cadmium exposure and renal dysfunctions of workers and residents were 33.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were 33.3 and 16.7% among workers in a small-battery assembly plant and a large-battery assembly plant. Cadmium in the air of the lead dry refinery was 0.03-0.20 and 0.01-0.08 mug/m^3 of melting and cadmium refinery plants. Cadmium in the air, soil and grass 500 m away from the factory were 0.00-0.03 mg/m^3, 0.4-57 mug/g and 1-21 mug/g, respectively. Prevalences of excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were 20.0 and 1.1%. Cadmium in the air of another zinc refinery were 3.7-4.2, 0.72-0.95, 0.06 mg/m^3 in raw material casting, electrolysis and cadmium ingot casting Plants, respectively. Excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were found in 46.7 and 10.7% of 164 workers. All the above data may indicate that maximum concentration of cadmium in the air shall be 0.05mg/m^3, and that cadmium health effects shall be detected early by biological monitoring : urine cadmium above 10 mug/gCr and urine beta_2-microglobulin above 300 and 1,000 mug/gCr, respectively. Less