Cadmium Health Effects and its Prevention

1988-1990年对中国4个地区的镉环境污染及其健康效应进行了研究。国内最大的干法炼锌厂焙烧、蒸馏、铸锭和炼镉厂的空气中镉含量分别为2.5 ~ 6.5、10.8 ~ 23.3、2.8 ~ 4.7和0.01 ~ 0.16 mg/m^3，均显著高于最大允许浓度0.05 mg/m^3，距厂500 m的空气、土壤和草地中镉污染严重：0.02 mg/m^3、115 ~ 202 mg/ g和196 ~ 580 mg/ g。铸锭厂工人的镉过量暴露、肾功能不全和肾病患病率分别为93.3%、40.0%和13.3%，镉冶炼厂工人的镉过量暴露率为54.5%、36.4%和0%，焙烧厂工人的镉过量暴露率为45.3%、16.8%和0%。中国最大的碱性电池厂之一的空气也被镉污染：在大型和小型电池装配厂中，镉含量为24.1、1.2-2.2 mg/m^3。与土壤镉含量较低（1.1 ~ 8.6）相比，该区小麦镉含量高达200 ~ 771微克/克。工人和居民镉过量暴露和肾功能不全的患病率分别为33.3%和16.7%。在小型电池装配厂和大型电池装配厂的工人中，过度暴露和肾功能障碍的比例分别为33.3%和16.7%。铅干精炼厂空气中镉含量分别为0.03 ~ 0.20和0.01 ~ 0.08马克/米^3。距离工厂500 m的空气、土壤和草地镉含量分别为0.00 ~ 0.03 mg/m^3、0.4 ~ 57 mg/ g和1 ~ 21 mg/ g。过量暴露和肾功能不全的患病率分别为20.0%和1.1%。另一锌精炼厂原料铸造厂、电解厂和镉锭铸造厂空气中镉含量分别为3.7 ~ 4.2、0.72 ~ 0.95、0.06 mg/m^3。在164名工人中，46.7%和10.7%的人发现过度暴露和肾功能不全。以上数据可能表明，空气中镉的最大浓度应为0.05mg/m^3，镉对健康的影响应通过生物监测及早发现：尿镉高于10 mug/gCr，尿β 2-微球蛋白高于300和1000 mug/gCr。少

Environmental pollution with cadmium and its related health effects were studied at 4 areas in China in 1988-1990. Cadmium in the air of the largest dry refinery of zinc in China were 2.5-6.5, 10.8-23.3, 2.8-4.7 and 0.01-0.16 mg/m^3 in roasting, distillation, ingot casting and cadmium refinery plants, which were significantly higher than the maximum allowable concentration (0.05 mg/m^3), and soil and grass were also heavily contaminated with cadmium : 0.02 mg/m^3, 115-202 mug/g and 196-580 mug/g in the air, soil and grass 500 m away the factory. Prevalences of excessive exposure to cadmium, renal dysfunctions and renal disease were 93.3, 40.0 and 13.3% in an ingot casting plant, 54.5, 36.4 and 0% of workers of a cadmium refinery plant, 45.3, 16.8 and 0% in a roasting plant, respectively. The air of one of the largest alkaline battery factory in China was also reasonably contaminated with cadmium : 24.1, 1.2-2.2 mg/m^3 in large and small battery assembly plants. Cadmium in wheat in the … More area was high as 200-771 mug/g regardless of low cadmium in soil (1.1-8.6 mug/g). Prevalences of excessive cadmium exposure and renal dysfunctions of workers and residents were 33.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were 33.3 and 16.7% among workers in a small-battery assembly plant and a large-battery assembly plant. Cadmium in the air of the lead dry refinery was 0.03-0.20 and 0.01-0.08 mug/m^3 of melting and cadmium refinery plants. Cadmium in the air, soil and grass 500 m away from the factory were 0.00-0.03 mg/m^3, 0.4-57 mug/g and 1-21 mug/g, respectively. Prevalences of excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were 20.0 and 1.1%. Cadmium in the air of another zinc refinery were 3.7-4.2, 0.72-0.95, 0.06 mg/m^3 in raw material casting, electrolysis and cadmium ingot casting Plants, respectively. Excessive exposure and renal dysfunctions were found in 46.7 and 10.7% of 164 workers. All the above data may indicate that maximum concentration of cadmium in the air shall be 0.05mg/m^3, and that cadmium health effects shall be detected early by biological monitoring : urine cadmium above 10 mug/gCr and urine beta_2-microglobulin above 300 and 1,000 mug/gCr, respectively. Less