Comparative Study of Political Systems and Modernization in East and West Africa

这项研究从1989年至1991年进行了三年，题目是“东非和西非政治制度和现代化比较研究”，主要在肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚、扎伊尔、喀麦隆、加纳和多哥进行。大约在1990年，在我们的研究期间，一场民主化运动在非洲人民中迅速兴起，对多党制的要求开始实现。在肯尼亚，我们调查了新成立的两个主要反对党——福特党和民主党的支持团体。人民对民主化的要求以反政府运动的形式出现，反对来自少数民族卡伦津人的现任总统。新政党的组织引起了部落之间的对抗和对抗。相反，在坦桑尼亚，传统的长老会议的减少和社区仪式的消失都有记录。在我们调查的一个伊拉克村庄，在强行开发乌贾马后，行政机构加强了与CCM （Chama Cha Mapinduzi）的联系，因此长老会议的功能减少了，只是为了解决家庭问题。然而，在曾经拥有酋长地位的尼亚库萨人中，CCM的影响力不如其他团体那么大，长老会议仍然拥有权威，在土地和其他方面的再分配方面拥有优势发言权。我们于1990年对扎伊尔开赛的库巴王国进行了调查。目前的王朝是17世纪初第一个王朝以来的第22位国王，他仍然拥有传统的权威，并有效地统治着该地区。在喀麦隆，我们记录了19世纪末至20世纪初在北部富尔贝王国创作的抵抗诗歌“Mbooku”。“Mbooku”是一个有价值的材料，因为富尔贝的心脏从未在欧洲人面前显露出来，它以隐喻的形式表达出来。在西北省份，我们对曼康王国的传统君主主义和现代文明价值进行了考察。通过考察历代国王传承下来的传统礼仪以及社会文化走向现代化的过程，我们发现这两个因素是和谐共存的。这些实际情况被人种学记录下来。本文以当地史料为基础，对加纳中部阿散蒂王国首都库马西的王位继承制度进行了考察，揭示了阿散蒂王国王位冲突的历史。这个王朝反复统一又分裂。我们围绕以太后为核心的“血缘原则”来讨论王位继承问题，从而开拓了一个新的研究方向。在多哥，我们调查了中部山区阿克布酋长的形成和腐败，并证明该地区的传统政治组织反对沿海王国的奴隶狩猎。少

This research was conducted for three years from 1989 to 1991 on the subject of "Comparative Study of Political Systems and Modernization in East and West Africa", mainly in Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Cameroon, Ghana and Togo. Around 1990, in the midst of our research, a movement toward democratization rapidly gained ground among African people and the demand for a multi-party system started to be realized.In Kenya we investigated the supporting groups to the newly-formdd two major opposition parties, the FORD and the Democratic Party. The people's demand for democratization took the shape of anti-governmental movement against the present president who comes from a minority group, Kalenjin. The organization of new political parties caused confrontation and antagonism among tribes.In Tanzania, on the contrary, the decline of the traditional elder meeting and the extinction of community rituals were recorded. In a village of the Iraqw, where we investigated, after forcible Ujamaa developmen … More t, administrative organizations have strengthened the ties with CCM (Chama Cha Mapinduzi), and thus function of the elder meeting has reduced only to solve family troubles. Among the Nyakyusa who once had chiefdom, however, CCM's influences are not so strong as other groups and the elder meeting still hold authority and have a preponderant voice in redistribution of land and others.We investigated Kingdom of Kuba in Kasai, Zaire in 1990. The present dynasty is the 22nd king counted from the first one in the early 17th century, and he still possesses traditional authority and rules the region effectively.In Cameroon, we recorded "Mbooku", poems of resistance composed in Fulbe kingdoms in northern region from late 19th century to early 20th century. "Mbooku" is a valuable material, because the heart of the Fulbe which had never been revealed in the presence of the European is expressed in its metaphorical form. In the northwest provinces, we conducted investigation on the traditional monarchism and value of modern civilization in Mankon Kingdom. Focusing on traditional rituals passed down from king to king as well as process of social and cultural changes toward modernization, we observed that those two factors exist in harmony. These actual circumstances were recorded ethnographically.We investigated succession system of the throne in Kumasi, capital of Asante Kingdom, central Ghana, based on local historical materials, and revealed the history of conflict concerning the throne of Asante Kingdom. The dynasty repeated unification and split. We discussed succession of the throne, concentrating on "principle of blood" with Queen mother as the core, and thus developed a new aspect of the research.In Togo we investigated formation and corruption of chiefdom of the Akeb in the central mountainous area, and proved that traditional political organizations in that area fought against slave-hunting by coastal kingdoms. Less