Comparative Study of Political Systems and Modernization in East and West Africa

这项研究从1989年至1991年进行了三年，主题为“东非和西非政治制度和现代化的比较研究”，主要在肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚、扎伊尔、喀麦隆、加纳和多哥。1990年左右，在我们的研究中，民主化运动在非洲人民中迅速发展，多党制的要求开始实现。在肯尼亚，我们调查了新成立的两个主要反对党--福特党和民主党--的支持团体。人民要求民主化的形式是反对现任总统的反政府运动，现任总统来自少数群体卡伦津。新政党的组织造成了部落之间的对抗和对立。相反，在坦桑尼亚，传统长老会议的衰落和社区仪式的消亡被记录在案。在一个伊拉克人的村庄，我们在那里调查，在强行发展乌贾马后，…更多的行政组织加强了与查玛查·马普杜齐的联系，因此长老会议的功能减少了，只是为了解决家庭问题。然而，在曾经拥有酋长地位的尼亚库萨人中，CCM的影响并不像其他团体那么强大，长老会议仍然拥有权威，在土地和其他方面的再分配方面具有优势。我们于1990年考察了扎伊尔开赛的库巴王国。现在的王朝是从17世纪初的第一个王朝算起的第22个国王，他仍然拥有传统的权威，有效地统治着这个地区。在喀麦隆，我们记录了19世纪末到20世纪初北部富尔贝王国创作的抵抗诗《Mbooku》。“Mbooku”是一种有价值的材料，因为在欧洲人面前从未被揭示的Fulbe的核心以其隐喻的形式表达出来。在西北省份，我们对曼康王国的传统君主制和现代文明价值进行了调查。着眼于王朝传统礼仪的传承，以及社会文化走向现代化的过程，我们观察到这两个因素是和谐共存的。我们根据当地史料考察了加纳中部阿桑特王国首都库马西的王位继承制度，揭示了阿桑特王国王位冲突的历史。这个王朝一再统一和分裂。对王位继承问题进行了探讨，集中探讨了以王母为核心的“血缘原则”，从而开拓了研究的新局面。在多哥，我们考察了中部山区阿克布酋长统治的形成和腐败，证明了该地区传统的政治组织反对沿海王国的奴隶狩猎。较少

This research was conducted for three years from 1989 to 1991 on the subject of "Comparative Study of Political Systems and Modernization in East and West Africa", mainly in Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Cameroon, Ghana and Togo. Around 1990, in the midst of our research, a movement toward democratization rapidly gained ground among African people and the demand for a multi-party system started to be realized.In Kenya we investigated the supporting groups to the newly-formdd two major opposition parties, the FORD and the Democratic Party. The people's demand for democratization took the shape of anti-governmental movement against the present president who comes from a minority group, Kalenjin. The organization of new political parties caused confrontation and antagonism among tribes.In Tanzania, on the contrary, the decline of the traditional elder meeting and the extinction of community rituals were recorded. In a village of the Iraqw, where we investigated, after forcible Ujamaa developmen … More t, administrative organizations have strengthened the ties with CCM (Chama Cha Mapinduzi), and thus function of the elder meeting has reduced only to solve family troubles. Among the Nyakyusa who once had chiefdom, however, CCM's influences are not so strong as other groups and the elder meeting still hold authority and have a preponderant voice in redistribution of land and others.We investigated Kingdom of Kuba in Kasai, Zaire in 1990. The present dynasty is the 22nd king counted from the first one in the early 17th century, and he still possesses traditional authority and rules the region effectively.In Cameroon, we recorded "Mbooku", poems of resistance composed in Fulbe kingdoms in northern region from late 19th century to early 20th century. "Mbooku" is a valuable material, because the heart of the Fulbe which had never been revealed in the presence of the European is expressed in its metaphorical form. In the northwest provinces, we conducted investigation on the traditional monarchism and value of modern civilization in Mankon Kingdom. Focusing on traditional rituals passed down from king to king as well as process of social and cultural changes toward modernization, we observed that those two factors exist in harmony. These actual circumstances were recorded ethnographically.We investigated succession system of the throne in Kumasi, capital of Asante Kingdom, central Ghana, based on local historical materials, and revealed the history of conflict concerning the throne of Asante Kingdom. The dynasty repeated unification and split. We discussed succession of the throne, concentrating on "principle of blood" with Queen mother as the core, and thus developed a new aspect of the research.In Togo we investigated formation and corruption of chiefdom of the Akeb in the central mountainous area, and proved that traditional political organizations in that area fought against slave-hunting by coastal kingdoms. Less