Physio-Engineering Study on the Cardiac Function of Avian Eggs.

1. 禽蛋的心源性微小运动（ballistocardiogram， BCG）和心源性声压（acoustic - cardiocardiogram， ACG）的研究。(1)利用微机和听筒检测卡介苗，研制了心电、卡介苗和动脉血压同时测量系统。结果发现，鸡蛋中卡介苗不仅引起心室射血，而且引起心室等容收缩和收缩前收缩。(2)将电容式传声器检测到的ACG与阻抗心电图（ICG）、心电、卡介苗和卵压进行比较，寻找ACG信号的来源。与卵压和ICG有一定关系，但与BCG无关系，需进一步研究。(3)用位移卡介苗（激光位移仪）、运动卡介苗（激光散斑仪）和速度卡介苗（声卡和压电薄膜）检测鸡蛋的心源性弹道运动。非侵入性测量…鸟类胚胎心率（f_H）的更多要素。(1)通过对鹌鹑、鸡、火鸡、孔雀、鸭、鹅等6种家鸟和信天翁、海鸥、野鸭等3种夏威夷海鸟孵育后半期的卡介苗进行无创测定，获得了胚胎f_H，获得了新的比较生理学知识。(2)发现野鸽的胚胎f_H在不同胎次之间的发育过程中有不同的变化，而家鸽的胚胎f_H变化相似。然而，每一窝野鸽的两个胚胎的f_H却非常相似。这些发现表明遗传因素参与了野生鸟类胚胎f_H的变异。通过测定鸭、鸡、野鸭和鸽子的胚胎和幼雏对长时间降温的代谢反应，对吸热恒温的发育进行了比较研究。研究了蛋壳扩散电导和环境氧变化对胚胎耗氧量的影响。少

1. Investigations on cardiogenic minute movements (ballistocardiogram, BCG) and cardiogenic acoustic pressure (acoustocardiogram, ACG) in avian eggs.(1) Using a microcomputer and an audiocartridge for detection of BCG, we developed the simultaneous measuring system of ECG, BCG and arterial blood pressure. It was found that in chicken eggs the BCG was attributed to not only the ventricular blood ejection, but also the ventricular isovolmetric contraction and presystole.(2) The ACG detected by a condenser microphone was compared with the impedance-cardiogram (ICG), ECG, BCG and egg pressure in order to find origins of this signal. Some relations were found with egg pressure and ICG, but not found with the BCG, requiring further investigations.(3) The cardiogenic ballistic movements of the egg were detected as the displacement BCG (by laser displacement meter), the movement BCG (by laser speckle meter) and the velocity BCG (by audiocartridge and piezoelectric film).2. Non-invasive measure … More ments of embryonic heart rate (f_H) in birds.(1) The embryonic f_H was determined noninvasively by measuring the BCG during the last half of incubation period in six species of domesticated birds (quail, chick, turkey, peafowl, duck and goose) and three species of Hawaiian seabirds (albatross, shearwater and noddy), eliciting new comparative physiological knowledges.(2) It was found that the embryonic f_H of the wild pigeon changes variously during development between individual clutches, while that of domesticated pigeons changes similarly. However, the f_H of two embryos in each clutch of the wild pigeon was found very similar. These findings suggest that genetic factors are involved in the variation of the embryonic f_H of wild birds.3. Comparative study on the development of endothermic homeothermy was made by determining metabolic responses of embryos and hatchlings to prolonged cooling in duck, chicken, noddy and pigeon.4. Effects of the shell diffusive conductance and altered ambient oxygen on embryonic oxygen consumption were elucidated. Less