Fate and Toxicity Evaluation of Toxic Chemicals in An Aquatic Environment

水生环境中有毒化学品的归宿和毒性评估

• 批准号: 63550398
• 负责人: AOYAMA Isao
• 金额: $ 1.28万
• 依托单位: Okayama University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1988
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1988 至 1989
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-63550398/
• 关键词: Aquatic Qcosystem; Micro Pollutants; Fate of Chemicals; Micro Analyzing Method; Food Chain; Toxicity Testing; Environmental Mutagenicity; 有害化学物質の運命; 毒性評価; 酵母; 環境変異原性試験; 水銀化合物; 生物濃縮; 毒性強度; 相互作用; 環境変異原; ダフニア; クロレラ

The main themes and their results we have obtained are as follows;(1) New Technical Development in Chemical Analysis of Micro Heavy Metals in An Aquatic EnvironmentA simple and accurate method was developed for the determination of trace metals in water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS) after two preconcentration techniques, (1) flow system utilizing silica-immobilized 8-hydroxyquinoline column and (2)tetrahydroborate reductive precipitation. A rapid method was developed for the determination of trace metals in sediment and biological tissue samples by GFAAS using microwave acid digestion system.(2) Fate of Chemicals in An Aquatic EnvironmentOne of principal factors affecting the fate of chemicals in an aquatic environment is a biotranslocation of chemicals by aquatic organisms, especially through a food chain. Chlorella ellipsoidea and Daphnia magna were used as a model prey - predator system, respectively. Cadmium and Chromium were use as toxichnts. The uptake … More of both metals by Daphinia magna was stimulated by feeding. The uptake of active surface agents by Water hyacinth was investigated. The chemicals inhibited the growth of the plant according to the concentration in the plant.(3) Toxicity Evaluation of Micro Heavy Metals toward Micro-organisms.Many kinds of organisms from bacteria to higher organisms have been properly used for toxicity testing of chemicals according to the objectives. This study aims the toxicity evaluation of chemicals in an aquatic ecosystem and new development of environmental mutaginicty testing using mutants of yeast. The effect of bioaccumulation of heavy metals through a food chain were investigated for the evaluation of eco-toxicity in the aquatic environment. Chrorella ellipsoidea and Daphnia nagna were used for a prey-predator system. The toxicity of Cd for Chlorella and Daphnia was stimulated by the Cr uptake. Both metals interacted synergistically each other. Mortality of Daphnia increased with time and it was stimulated by feeding of Chlorella contaminated with metals.Possibility of Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a new testing materials for toxicity testing was studied. Yeast is easier in handling the life cycle is -shorter than phytoplankton, therefore it is pertinent as a test organism. It could also be used for environmental mutaginic testing of chemicals using mutants which are deficient in DNA repair capability. Yeast has three kind of independent DNA repair systems. Mutants which are deficient in one, two or all repair systems were used and compared with each other in toxicity sensitivity to chemical. The order of a repair capability of the DNA damaged by 4NQO in different strains of yeast was as follows:Wild type > Excision repair deficient mutant > Mutation repair deficient mutant > Recombination repair deficient mutant > Mutant having recombination repair system > Mutant having mutation repair system > Mutant having excision repair system > All repair deficient mutant. Less

我们得到的主要主题和结果如下：(1)水生环境中微量重金属化学分析的新技术进展(1)采用二氧化硅固定8-羟基喹啉柱的流动体系(2)采用四氢硼酸盐还原沉淀法，建立了一种简便、准确的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GFAAS）测定水中痕量金属的方法。建立了微波酸消化原子吸收光谱法快速测定沉积物和生物组织样品中痕量金属的方法。(2)水生环境中化学品的命运影响水生环境中化学品命运的主要因素之一是水生生物对化学品的生物转运，特别是通过食物链。以椭球小球藻和大水蚤为模型食饵-捕食系统。镉和铬被列为有毒物质。摄食刺激水蚤对这两种金属的吸收。研究了水葫芦对活性表面活性剂的吸收。这些化学物质对植物生长的抑制作用取决于其在植物中的浓度。(3)微量重金属对微生物的毒性评价。从细菌到高等生物的许多种类的生物已根据目的适当地用于化学品毒性试验。本研究旨在探讨化学物质在水生生态系统中的毒性评价及利用酵母突变体进行环境诱变试验的新进展。研究了重金属在水生环境中通过食物链的生物积累对生态毒性的影响。椭球小球藻和水蚤构成捕食系统。Cd对小球藻和水蚤的毒性是通过Cr的摄取来刺激的。两种金属相互协同作用。水蚤的死亡率随时间的增加而增加，并受到受金属污染的小球藻的刺激。研究了酵母、酿酒酵母作为毒性试验新材料的可能性。酵母在处理生命周期方面比浮游植物更容易，因此作为试验生物是合适的。它还可以用于使用缺乏DNA修复能力的突变体的化学品的环境诱变试验。酵母有三种独立的DNA修复系统。利用一种、两种或全部修复系统缺失的突变体，比较它们对化学物质的毒性敏感性。不同酵母菌株中被4NQO损伤的DNA的修复能力顺序为：野生型>切除修复缺陷突变体>突变修复缺陷突变体>重组修复缺陷突变体>具有重组修复系统的突变体>具有突变修复系统>具有切除修复系统>所有修复缺陷突变体。少

项目成果

Muramoto Shigeki: "Effects of Surface-active Agents on the Salinity Tolerance of Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)" J.of Environ.Sci.Health. A-23. 603-611 (1988)

Muramoto Shigeki：“表面活性剂对水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）盐度耐受性的影响”J.of Environ.Sci.Health。

服部明彦編集 明山勲(共著): "湖沼汚染の診断と対策" 日刊工業新聞社, 271 (1988)

服部明彦、秋山功主编（合着）：《湖泊污染的诊断与对策》日刊工业新闻，271（1988）

Muramoto Sigeki: "Heavy Metal Tolerance of Rice Plants (Olryza sativa L.) to Some Metal Oxides at the critical Levels" J. of Environ. Sci. Health 559-568, 1989.

Muramoto Sigeki：“水稻植物 (Olryza sativa L.) 对某些金属氧化物的临界水平的重金属耐受性”J. of Environ。

Aoyama Isao and Okamura Hideo: "Physiological Characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as A Test Organism for Toxicity Testing" Toxicity Assessment:An International Quarterly.

Aoyama Isao 和 Okamura Hideo：“作为毒性测试试验生物的酿酒酵母的生理特征”毒性评估：国际季刊。

Athanasios Kugolos and Aoyama Isao: "Interaction Effect,Food Effect and Bioacumulation of Cadmium and Chromium for the System Daphniamagna-Chlorella elipsoida" Toxicity Assessment:An International Quarterly.

Athanasios Kugolos 和 Aoyama Isao：“Daphniamagna-ellipsoida 系统中镉和铬的相互作用效应、食物效应和生物累积”毒性评估：国际季刊。