Phylogeny and Outogeny of Speech Perception

考察了以下五点：1）黑猩猩对塞音的分类感知，2）研究人类婴儿语音感知的程序，3）日本猴、黑猩猩和人类声道正常化的能力，4）日本猴和黑猩猩在感知物种特异性发声方面的耳朵优势，（5）黑猩猩的模仿研究结果如下：1）用[ga]-[ka]和[ba]-[da]连续统研究了黑猩猩对塞音的范畴知觉。受试者在区分清音和发音位置特征时表现出音位边界效应（范畴知觉）。2)检查了非营养性吸吮和头部转动程序。结果表明，后一种方法比前一种方法更有效。3)使用具有低和高基频的[o]-[a]连续谱来检查声道正常化的能力。日本猴和黑猩猩都表现出[o]和[a]之间的边界根据音高的频率而移动，这表明它们具有声道正常化的能力。4)耳朵的优势进行了检查，使用种属特异性的声音在日本猴和黑猩猩。日本猴的早高和晚高咕咕声以及呼噜声、呜咽声和尖叫声分别由左耳或右耳辨别。两个品种都没有获得稳定的穗优势。5)黑猩猩要模仿模特的动作是不容易的，因为模特的动作是针对看不见的身体部位的。然而，当行为指向外部环境或涉及对物体的操纵时，模仿变得更容易。塑造和操作条件作用是黑猩猩模仿发生的必要条件。

The following five points were investigated : 1) The categorical perception of stop consonants in the chimpanzee, 2) Procedures to study speech perception in human infants, 3) The ability of vocal tract normalization in the Japanese monkey, chimpanzee and human, 4) Ear advantages in the perception of species specific vocal sounds in the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee, and 5) Imitation in the chimpanzee.The followings are the results : 1) The categorical perception of stop consonants was studied using [ga]-[ka] and [ba]-[da] continua in the chimpazee. The subject showed the phoneme boundary effect (categorical perception) in discrimination of voicing and place-of-articulation features. 2) Both non-nuturi-tive sucking and head turning procedures were examined. It was concluded that the latter method was more effective than the former. 3) The ability of vocal tract normalization was examined using [o]-[a] continua with the low and high fundamental frequency. Both the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee showed a shift in the boundary between [o] and [a] depending on the frequency of the pitch, suggesting that they have the ability of vocal tract normalization. 4) Ear advantages were examined using species specific vocal sounds in the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee. Early high and late high coo calls of the Japanese monkey and grunts, whimpers and squeaks were discriminated by the left or the right ear separately. No stable ear advantages were obtained in the both species. 5) It was not easy for the chimpanzee to imitate acts of a model which were directed to invisible body parts. However, when acts were directed to the external environment or when the manipulation of objects was involved, imitation became easier. Molding and operant conditioning were necessary for the ocurrance of imitation in the chimpanzee.