Phylogeny and Outogeny of Speech Perception

1)黑猩猩对停声母的范畴知觉，2)人类婴儿言语知觉的研究程序，3)日本猴、黑猩猩和人类声道归一化能力，4)日本猴和黑猩猩对特定物种发声的听觉优势，5)黑猩猩的模仿。结果如下：1)用[ga]-[ka]和[ba]-[da]Continue a研究了黑猩猩对停辅音的范畴知觉。被试在辨别发音特征和发音位置特征时表现出音素边界效应(范畴知觉)。2)检查了非营养性吸吮和翻头两种术式。结果表明，后一种方法比前者更有效。3)用低基频和高基频的[o]-[a]连续体检测声道正常化能力。日本猴子和黑猩猩都表现出[o]和[a]之间的边界随着音调频率的变化而移动，这表明它们具有声道正常化的能力。4)用物种特有的声音检测了日本猴子和黑猩猩的耳朵优势。日本猴的早期高音和晚期高音以及咕噜声、呜咽声和尖叫声分别由左耳或右耳辨别。这两个物种都没有获得稳定的穗部优势。5)对于黑猩猩来说，模仿模特的动作并不容易，这些动作指向看不见的身体部位。然而，当行为指向外部环境或涉及对物体的操纵时，模仿变得更容易。在黑猩猩身上，模塑和操作条件反射对于模仿的出现是必要的。

The following five points were investigated : 1) The categorical perception of stop consonants in the chimpanzee, 2) Procedures to study speech perception in human infants, 3) The ability of vocal tract normalization in the Japanese monkey, chimpanzee and human, 4) Ear advantages in the perception of species specific vocal sounds in the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee, and 5) Imitation in the chimpanzee.The followings are the results : 1) The categorical perception of stop consonants was studied using [ga]-[ka] and [ba]-[da] continua in the chimpazee. The subject showed the phoneme boundary effect (categorical perception) in discrimination of voicing and place-of-articulation features. 2) Both non-nuturi-tive sucking and head turning procedures were examined. It was concluded that the latter method was more effective than the former. 3) The ability of vocal tract normalization was examined using [o]-[a] continua with the low and high fundamental frequency. Both the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee showed a shift in the boundary between [o] and [a] depending on the frequency of the pitch, suggesting that they have the ability of vocal tract normalization. 4) Ear advantages were examined using species specific vocal sounds in the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee. Early high and late high coo calls of the Japanese monkey and grunts, whimpers and squeaks were discriminated by the left or the right ear separately. No stable ear advantages were obtained in the both species. 5) It was not easy for the chimpanzee to imitate acts of a model which were directed to invisible body parts. However, when acts were directed to the external environment or when the manipulation of objects was involved, imitation became easier. Molding and operant conditioning were necessary for the ocurrance of imitation in the chimpanzee.