Phylogeny and Outogeny of Speech Perception

本文主要研究了以下五个方面：1)黑猩猩对停止辅音的分类感知；2)人类婴儿语言感知的研究过程；3)日本猴、黑猩猩和人类声道归一化能力；4)日本猴和黑猩猩在感知物种特定声音方面的耳朵优势；5)黑猩猩的模仿。研究结果如下：1)使用[ga]-[ka]和[ba]-[da]连续音研究了黑猩猩对顿音的范畴感知。被试在辨别发声和发音位置特征方面表现出音素边界效应（范畴知觉）。2)对非营养性吸吮和转头两种方法进行了研究。结果表明，后一种方法比前一种方法更有效。3)用[o]-[a]连续体检测低、高基频声道归一化能力。日本猴子和黑猩猩都表现出[o]和[a]之间的边界根据音高的频率发生变化，这表明它们具有声道正常化的能力。4)利用日本猴和黑猩猩的物种特异性声音来研究耳朵的优势。日本猴的早高音和晚高音以及咕噜声、呜咽声和吱吱声分别由左耳和右耳区分。两种均未获得稳定的穗部优势。对黑猩猩来说，模仿模特儿的动作是不容易的，因为模特儿的动作是指向看不见的身体部位的。然而，当行为指向外部环境或涉及到对物体的操纵时，模仿就变得容易了。模塑和操作性条件反射是黑猩猩模仿行为发生的必要条件。

The following five points were investigated : 1) The categorical perception of stop consonants in the chimpanzee, 2) Procedures to study speech perception in human infants, 3) The ability of vocal tract normalization in the Japanese monkey, chimpanzee and human, 4) Ear advantages in the perception of species specific vocal sounds in the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee, and 5) Imitation in the chimpanzee.The followings are the results : 1) The categorical perception of stop consonants was studied using [ga]-[ka] and [ba]-[da] continua in the chimpazee. The subject showed the phoneme boundary effect (categorical perception) in discrimination of voicing and place-of-articulation features. 2) Both non-nuturi-tive sucking and head turning procedures were examined. It was concluded that the latter method was more effective than the former. 3) The ability of vocal tract normalization was examined using [o]-[a] continua with the low and high fundamental frequency. Both the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee showed a shift in the boundary between [o] and [a] depending on the frequency of the pitch, suggesting that they have the ability of vocal tract normalization. 4) Ear advantages were examined using species specific vocal sounds in the Japanese monkey and chimpanzee. Early high and late high coo calls of the Japanese monkey and grunts, whimpers and squeaks were discriminated by the left or the right ear separately. No stable ear advantages were obtained in the both species. 5) It was not easy for the chimpanzee to imitate acts of a model which were directed to invisible body parts. However, when acts were directed to the external environment or when the manipulation of objects was involved, imitation became easier. Molding and operant conditioning were necessary for the ocurrance of imitation in the chimpanzee.