Urban Pedevelopment of Civic Districts in Japan Castle-Towns in Nineteen Century

日本地方城市的现代化进程包括三个不同时期的五个具有特色的城市规划方案：第一是城堡街区及其周围的再开发，使其从封建城镇向现代城镇转变；19世纪70年代初，S，明治政府宣布拆除城堡，因为它们是封建的象征。其中一项改革是在主要城堡城镇的中心地带划出县办公室的席位。大部分美丽壮观的城堡被摧毁，对城镇空间结构至关重要的护城河和小人工湖被填满。此外，还实施了城堡地区及周边地区的一些重建项目，以创建现代化的城镇。这些措施包括建设公共建筑和设施，并在每个城市形成一个中央商务区。第二个方案发生在从…转变的过程中更封建的现代社会，并创造了开放的物理空间结构，以适应集中的国家交通系统，如20世纪初建立的铁路网。为了建立现代化的城市结构，所有重要的城镇都规划和完成了各种项目：例如，在填满护城河或湖泊的填海造地上，经常修建高效的公路网、政府办公专区或新的火车站。这一过程中的关键方案是如何布局铁路，以及未来将成为另一个重要中心的车站的选址。在一些城市，为了振兴整个城市结构，在市中心地区修建了火车站；在另一些城市，为了保护历史区域，它位于远离中心的地方。必须建立新的街道系统和城市结构，以适应这个新建的铁路系统。这些空间结构在维持大多数城堡城镇的城市发展和现代化方面发挥了重要作用。较少

The modernizing process of Japanese local cities includes five characteristic schemes for urban planning in three distinctive periods, as follows.The first is the redevelopment of castle-districts and their surroundings to change them from feudal towns to modern ones. In the early 1870's, the Meiji government announced that castles should be demolished because they were symbols of feudalism. One reform was to lacate the seats of prefectural offices in the hearts of major castle-towns. Most of the beautiful and magnificent castles were destroyed, and the moats and small artificial lakes that were important for the towns' spatial structure were filled up. Furthermore some redevelopment projects in castle districts and surrounding areas were put into practice in order to create modern cities and towns. These included the construction of public buildings and facilities and the formation of a central business district in each city.The second scheme occurred during the changing process from … More feudal to modern society, and created open physical spatial structures to suit the concentrated national transportation system, such as the railway network established in the early 20th century. In order to build modern urban structures, various sorts of projects were planned and completed in all important towns : for example, and efficient road network, a special district for government offices, or a new railway station were often built on the land reclaimed by filling up a moat or lake. The key scheme in this process was how to lay out the railway and where to locate the station that would be one more important center in the future. In some cities, a railway station was built in the mid-town area in order to revitalize the whole urban structure ; in other cities, it was located far from the center to conserve the historical area. New street systems and urban structures had to be created to suit this newly built railway system. These spatial structures have playd an important role in sustaining the urban growth and modernization of most castle-towns. Less