Neural representation of attention in associative areas in the chick telencephalon

早熟鸟类的雏鸡在孵化后立即具有高度发达的认知行为。利用这一特性，我们完成了一系列关于鸟类记忆形成和行为执行的实验，特别是关于鸟类的“注意和意识”的实验。使用行为和脑损伤方法的综合研究，以及对自由行为的小鸡进行脑切片和单神经元记录的电生理研究，得出以下结果。这表明，注意是在一个高度分布的方式在鸡脑的许多领域。(1)<基底神经节：基于记忆的预测的神经相关性及其功能作用>__双侧基底节后部（内侧纹状体）的局部化学损伤导致脑震荡中的冲动选择 关于我们 目前的选择测试，与选择的基础上的预期数量的相关奖励保持不变。基于预期奖励的时间接近的行为执行是特别受损的。只要未来的收益是在内侧纹状体代表，小鸡可以耐心地抑制冲动的选择，立即但小的收益，从而使长期利益最大化。(2)<杏仁核-眶额皮层系统的类似物：关联的参考记忆和声源的工作记忆的神经编码>- (3)<海马：参与空间记忆的形成>_-双侧海马的局部损伤选择性地损害了空间记忆的获得，而颜色辨别保持完整。(4)<小脑：孕酮的非基因组作用>_-鸡小脑浦肯野神经元的全细胞记录结果表明，外源性孕酮的应用增强了颗粒细胞的兴奋性中继。少

Chicks of precocial birds have highly developed cognitive behaviors immediately after hatching. Taking advantage of this nature, we have accomplished a series of experiments upon the issue of memory formation and behavioral execution, particular on the "attention and consciousness" in birds. Comprehensive studies using behavioral and brain lesion methods, as well as electrophysiological studies in brain slices and single neuron recording in freely behaving chicks, resulted in the following findings. It is suggested that the attention is represented in a highly distributed manner in many areas in the chick brain.(1) <Basal ganglia : neural correlates of memory-based anticipation and their functional roles>___-A behavioral task was developed in which food-reinforcement color discrimination was associated with the waiting time in 1-2 weeks old domestic chicks. A localized chemical lesions to posterior par of bilateral basal ganglia (medial striatum) caused an impulsive choice in the concu … More rrent choice test, with the choice based on the anticipated quantity of associated reward remained intact. Behavioral execution based on the temporal proximity of the anticipated reward was specifically impaired. So long as the future gain is represented in the medial striatum, chicks could patiently suppress the impulsive option toward immediate but small gain, thus making the long-term benefits to be maximized.(2) <Analogues of amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex system : neural coding of reference memory of associations and working memory of sound sources>___-Single neuron recording from archistriatum of chicks reveals two major populations of neurons that coded (1) reference memory for color-reward associations and (2) working memory for the location of sound cues.(3) <Hippocampus : involvement in the formation of spatial memory>___-Localized lesions to the bilateral hippocampus selectively impaired the acquisition of spatial memory, while the color discrimination remained intact.(4) <Cerebellum : Non-genomic action of progesterone>___-Results of whole cell recording from Purkinje neurons in the chick cerebellum suggested that application of exogenous progesterone enhances the excitatory relay by the granule cells. Less