Development and Disaster Reduction Strategy and Tactics in Phillipine as A Typical Example of Developing Country

为了探讨发展中国家的发展与减灾战略之间的关系，我们以菲律宾北伊洛科斯省的老阿格河流域为例进行了研究。混凝土连续高堤在某些方面对北伊洛科斯省和老阿格市是有利的：(1)省和城市将免于每次台风发生时发生的洪水和淹没，(2)可以在不假设洪水会发生的情况下开发旧河道和洪水来源，(3)不需要经常维护的结构将弥补政府的低维护能力。然而，当意想不到的外力造成过度洪水时，由于开发项目的原因，损失可能是巨大的，或者生活可能在没有假设洪水会发生的情况下进行。发达国家的工程师必须理解非结构手段，更多的措施包括：1)长期维护结构的措施，2)提高居民防灾意识的措施，3)损害控制措施，包括天气信息的收集和传输，对危险区域的了解，疏散通知，4)减少损害的措施，包括救援活动。援助将能够为所有措施发挥某种作用。为此，首先有必要了解现在和过去的政府和居民对灾害的反应。当我们在菲律宾逗留时，台风冲垮了河堤，一些农民的稻田被冲走了。堤防施工技术不成熟是造成堤防断裂的原因之一。援助提供者必须考虑保留建筑物的措施，包括获取和转让建造建筑物所需的知识和技术，以及在实际建造时的遵守情况。对于恢复和重建活动，有必要审查政府的反应，并找出社区特别是社区如何参与到稻田被冲走和失去生产资料的居民中来。上述社区包括行政村，援助方工程师个人所属的组织和网络需要在考虑非结构性措施的情况下，规划将留在区域内的结构类型。为此，应该在研究社会的专家和研究人员的参与下，努力了解地区。了解地区历史的任务，包括防灾历史，将教会我们很多东西。了解历史的任务是找出以下的事情，例如，从政府和许多居民：1)这种灾难的记忆是如何在居民中积累，并在社区中分享的？什么样的人受到了灾难的打击？3)过去的洪涝灾害是否有助于提高居民的防灾意识？4)居民是否采取了各种防灾措施，或者居民是否向政府提出了防灾要求？谁帮助了灾民的生计？6)居民是否自愿为建筑物的维修和建设提供劳动力？少

In order to investigate the relationship between development and disaster reduction strategy in developing country, we take a look at the case of the basin of the Laoag River in Ilocos Norte Province, Phillipine. A concrete continuous high embankment is advantageous for Ilocos Norte Province and Laoag City in some respects: (1) the province and the city will become free from the flooding and inundation that happen every time a typhoon occurs, (2) it will become possible to develop the old river courses and flood sources without making an assumption that flooding will occur, and (3) structures not requiring frequent maintenance will compensate for the governmental low capabilities for maintenance. However, when unexpected external forces cause excessive floods, it is likely that the damage will be enormous because of development projects, or life may be underway without making an assumption that flooding will occur. Engineers in developed country must understand that non-structural meas … More ures include the following:1) Measure to maintain structures for a long period of time, 2) Measure to enhance residents' awareness of disaster prevention, 3) Measure for damage control, including the collection and transmission of weather information, the comprehension of dangerous areas, and evacuation advisories, 4) Measure for damage reduction, including relief activities. Aid will be able to fulfill some sort of role for all the measures. For that purpose, first of all, it is necessary to learn current and past governmental and residents' response to disasters. When we stayed in the Philippines, the typhoon broke an embankment, and some farmers' rice paddies were washed away. The immature technology of constructing the embankment was one of the reasons for the breakage. Aid providers must consider measures for structures to stay, including the acquisition and transfer of knowledge and technology necessary for the construction of structures, and compliance at the time of actual construction.For restoration and reconstruction activities, it is necessary to review governmental response, and find out how communities in particular can be involved with residents who had their rice paddies washed away, and lost the means of production. The above-mentioned communities include administrative villages, and organizations and networks that individuals belong to engineers on the aid-giving side need to plan types of structures that will stay in regions in consideration of non-structural measures. In order to do so, they should make efforts to understand the regions with the participation of experts and researchers who research into society. The task of understanding the history of regions, including the history of disaster prevention, will teach us many things. The task of understanding the history is to find out the following things, for instance, from the government and many residents: 1) How is the memory of such a disaster accumulated among residents, and shared in communities?, 2) What kinds of people were struck by the disaster?, 3) Did the past damage caused by flooding and inundation help enhance residents' awareness of disaster prevention?, 4) Did residents take any kinds of measures for disaster prevention, or did residents request anything from the government about disaster prevention?, 5) Who helped the livelihood of disaster-stricken persons? And 6) Did residents voluntarily provide labor for the repair and construction of structures? Less