Development and Disaster Reduction Strategy and Tactics in Phillipine as A Typical Example of Developing Country

为了探讨发展中国家的发展与减灾战略之间的关系，我们以菲律宾北北伊洛科斯省的拉瓦格河流域为例。混凝土连续高路堤在某些方面对北伊洛科斯省和拉瓦格市有利：（1）省和城市将摆脱每次台风发生时都会发生的洪水和淹没，（2）可以开发旧河道和洪水源，而不必假设会发生洪水，（3）不需要经常维护的结构将弥补政府维护能力的不足。然而，当意外的外力导致过度洪水时，很可能由于开发项目而造成巨大损失，或者生活可能正在进行中，而没有假设洪水会发生。发达国家的工程师必须明白， 关于我们 这些措施包括：1）长期维护结构的措施，2）提高居民防灾意识的措施，3）损害控制措施，包括收集和传递天气信息，了解危险区域和疏散指南，4）减少损害的措施，包括救济活动。援助将能够为所有措施发挥某种作用。为此，首先，有必要了解政府和居民现在和过去对灾害的反应。我们在菲律宾的时候，台风冲毁了一个堤坝，一些农民的稻田被冲走了。路堤填筑技术的不成熟是造成破坏的原因之一。援助方必须考虑采取措施，包括获取和转让建造结构所需的知识和技术，以及在实际建造时遵守这些措施，以使结构得以保留。对于恢复和重建活动，有必要审查政府的应对措施，并了解特别是社区如何参与稻田被冲走的居民，失去了生产资料。上述社区包括行政村，以及援助方工程师个人所属的组织和网络，这些组织和网络需要考虑到非结构措施，规划将留在该地区的结构类型。为了做到这一点，他们应该在研究社会的专家和研究人员的参与下努力了解这些地区。了解包括防灾史在内的各地区历史的任务将教会我们许多东西。了解历史的任务是从政府和许多居民那里了解以下情况：1）这种灾难的记忆是如何在居民中积累的，并在社区中共享？2)什么样的人受到了灾难的打击？3)过去的洪水和淹没造成的损失是否有助于提高居民的防灾意识？，4)居民是否采取了任何防灾措施，或者居民是否向政府提出了任何防灾要求？5)谁在帮助受灾群众的生计？居民是否自愿为建筑物的维修和建造提供劳动力？少

In order to investigate the relationship between development and disaster reduction strategy in developing country, we take a look at the case of the basin of the Laoag River in Ilocos Norte Province, Phillipine. A concrete continuous high embankment is advantageous for Ilocos Norte Province and Laoag City in some respects: (1) the province and the city will become free from the flooding and inundation that happen every time a typhoon occurs, (2) it will become possible to develop the old river courses and flood sources without making an assumption that flooding will occur, and (3) structures not requiring frequent maintenance will compensate for the governmental low capabilities for maintenance. However, when unexpected external forces cause excessive floods, it is likely that the damage will be enormous because of development projects, or life may be underway without making an assumption that flooding will occur. Engineers in developed country must understand that non-structural meas … More ures include the following:1) Measure to maintain structures for a long period of time, 2) Measure to enhance residents' awareness of disaster prevention, 3) Measure for damage control, including the collection and transmission of weather information, the comprehension of dangerous areas, and evacuation advisories, 4) Measure for damage reduction, including relief activities. Aid will be able to fulfill some sort of role for all the measures. For that purpose, first of all, it is necessary to learn current and past governmental and residents' response to disasters. When we stayed in the Philippines, the typhoon broke an embankment, and some farmers' rice paddies were washed away. The immature technology of constructing the embankment was one of the reasons for the breakage. Aid providers must consider measures for structures to stay, including the acquisition and transfer of knowledge and technology necessary for the construction of structures, and compliance at the time of actual construction.For restoration and reconstruction activities, it is necessary to review governmental response, and find out how communities in particular can be involved with residents who had their rice paddies washed away, and lost the means of production. The above-mentioned communities include administrative villages, and organizations and networks that individuals belong to engineers on the aid-giving side need to plan types of structures that will stay in regions in consideration of non-structural measures. In order to do so, they should make efforts to understand the regions with the participation of experts and researchers who research into society. The task of understanding the history of regions, including the history of disaster prevention, will teach us many things. The task of understanding the history is to find out the following things, for instance, from the government and many residents: 1) How is the memory of such a disaster accumulated among residents, and shared in communities?, 2) What kinds of people were struck by the disaster?, 3) Did the past damage caused by flooding and inundation help enhance residents' awareness of disaster prevention?, 4) Did residents take any kinds of measures for disaster prevention, or did residents request anything from the government about disaster prevention?, 5) Who helped the livelihood of disaster-stricken persons? And 6) Did residents voluntarily provide labor for the repair and construction of structures? Less