A Comparative Study on the Potential of Alternative Trade and Consumers' Responsible Buying

本研究旨在探讨扩大替代贸易（at）的潜力，以及消费者在替代贸易中的角色和责任。AT是另一种贸易模式，不是建立在GATT/WTO等传统生产方式和贸易基础上的。本研究从四个方面进行了调查。一是世贸组织体制下国际贸易结构变化对发展中国家的影响。二是厘清并购交易的形式和各自形式的作用。第三是对日本、法国和台湾的公平贸易（Fair Trade， AT的一种形式）与消费者购买行为的问卷调查，比较消费者的责任观念。这是世界上第一次这样的调查。四是对金融服务经济意义的理论思考。本研究明确了以下几点。南北问题在质量上发生了巨大变化。因此，现在是时候建立另一种更多的农产品和渔业产品的贸易体系，而不是依靠市场机制。(2)尽管消费者在这方面发挥了重要作用，但日本消费者有必要更多地了解消费者负责任的购买。即使在台湾，了解《金融时报》概念的人也在增多。与其他地区相比，规模较小的东亚《金融时报》市场现在可以扩大规模。(3)金融金融也在南非共和国生根发芽，南非共和国存在经济二元结构问题。南非金融时报的特点是大农场推广金融时报，受益者是农业雇工，而典型金融时报的目标是小生产者。(4)期望合作部门在金融服务中发挥重要作用。有必要分析实现这一期望的条件。(5)自动交换可以用内部组织经济学来解释，从这个角度来看，自动交换的经济意义在于将边缘生产者的风险转移到分配和消费链上，并稳定他们的效用。少

This study aims at examining the potential of expanding Alternative Trade (AT) and the roles and the responsibilities of consumers in the AT. AT means another trade model, not based on the conventional production mode and trade such as GATT/WTO. This study has carried out the investigations from the four aspects. First one is the impacts of the change in the structure of international trade under the WTO regime on the developing countries. Second is to clarify the forms of AT and the effects of respective form. The third is the questionnaire survey regarding Fair Trade (FT), a form of AT, and consumers' buying behavior, in Japan, France and Taiwan so as to compare the concept of consumers' responsibility. This survey is the first one in the world. The fourth is the theoretical consideration about economic meaning of FT.What this study has made clear are as follows. (1) North-South problem has changed drastically in quality. Accordingly, it is the time to build another trade system of a … More gricultural and fishery products, not depending on market mechanism. (2) Although consumers play an important role in doing this, it is necessary for consumers in Japan to know more about consumers responsible buying. Even in Taiwan, those who know the concept of FT are growing. The FT market in East Asia, which is smaller than other regions, can expand its scale now. (3) FT is also taking root in the Republic of South Africa, which holds the problem of dual structure of economy. The feature of FT in South Africa is that big farms are promoting FT and its beneficiaries are agricultural hired workers, while the target of typical FT is small producers. (4) The cooperative sector is expected to play an important role in FT. It is necessary to analyze conditions for realizing such an expectation. (5) AT can be explained by the economics of internal organization, and from this standpoint, the economic significance of AT lies in transferring the risks of marginalized producers to the chain of distribution and consumption, and in stabilizing their utility. Less