The Formulation of Twenty-First Century Learning Abilities in Schools Designated for Performance Improvement by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

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The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has proposed the three key learning abilities of problem-solving, self-expression, and communication, built on the foundation of academic ability.Bearing this proposal in mind, three case studies were undertaken. (1) The case of Fukui-shi Nakafuji Elementary School, a school designated for "Performance Improvement." (2) The case of Fuzoku Junior High School, attached to the University of Fukui, and not mandated to implement PISA aims. (3) The case of University of Fukui students who hope to become teachers in future. The three aforementioned learning abilities are as important for university students as elementary and junior high school students, and they can learn and develop these abilities through gaining hands-on experience in schools.