A study of constructions in Japanese and in French including a negative polarity item and conveying a surprise or an exclamation

这项研究表明：1)日本例子所表达的贬义或感叹的意思，如Taro-nanka ga kita(太郎的样子来了)或Taro-ga nakunatta-nante(什么？太郎死了？)是由于这样一个事实，即南卡(What-or)或South-te(What-Te)以与负极项目相同的方式扩大了由个人或事件组成的备选方案的领域，以及ii)法语名词性句子，如Michel qui est mort！(‘Michel That Death！’)，同样包括一个隐含的WH单词quoi(什么)，它用作域Wdener，并产生令人惊讶的含义。

This study shows i) that the derogatory or exclamatory meanings conveyed by Japanese examples, like Taro-NANKA ga kita ('The like of Taro came') or Taro-ga nakunatta-NANTE ('What? Taro died?') are due to fact that NAN-KA (what-or) or NAN-TE (what-quotation) widen, in the same way as Negative Polarity Items, the domain of alternatives consisting of individuals or events, and ii) that French nominal sentences, like Michel qui est mort ! ('Michel that died!'), equally include an implicit WH word, quoi (what), which serves as domain widener and gives rise to a surprise meaning.