The Influences of Trieste, Zurich, and Paris on the Making of Ulysses

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At the end of Ulysses, James Joyce wrote down "Trieste-Zurich-Paris 1914-1921." Though Dublin is the main city of Ulysses, Joyce began to write it in Trieste, improved it in Zurich, and completed it in Paris. Surely the cultural and historical backgrounds of these cities contributed to the making of Ulysses. Nevertheless, there are no or few studies to take these cities into considerations in explaining the meaning of Ulysses. This study therefore elucidated the subtle influences of these cities on the making of Ulysses.