Elucidation of protumor/antitumor immune regulation mechanisms based on host versus cancer stem cell responses

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In the present research, we investigated the mechanisms of protumor immune regulation in tumor microenvironment. As a result, we found that 〓 〓T cells were predominant IL-17-producing cells in tumor-bearing host, which promoted tumorigenesis through the angiogenesis. In addition, we demonstrated that the tumor-initiating capacity of CD133^+ cells was blocked by depleting Treg, which were induced in TGF-ss-dependent manner, suggesting that CD133^+ cancer initiating cells suppress CTL-mediated immunosurveillance. In the near future, overcoming the protumor immunity caused by cancer stem cells, which induces effective tumor-antigen specific Th1 cells, would be a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy and prevention of recurrence.