Phylogeny and evolution of Japanese papilionid butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

利用线粒体ND5基因对日本和东亚蝶科蝶类进行了系统发育分析。凤蝶科是单系种，它们的系统发育树与基于其形态特征的分类一致。Achilides亚属(属：Papilio)分为两个系统发育簇，其中一个由P.maackii、P.syfan ius、P.krishna、P.arcturus、P.Hopponis、P.paris和P.karna组成。另一类为P.bianor、P.Polyctor、P.chikae、P.hermeli P.diis。属于不同类群的一些物种具有相似的翅型，这可能是平行进化的一个例子。一种是SSP。Bianor和Thasymedes，另一种是SSP。Okinawens，另一种是SSP。Amamiens和ryukyusis，另一种为SSP。德哈尼、托卡拉和哈基乔尼。四个不同类群之间的碱基序列差异很大，足以将它们视为不同的物种，表明SSP。Okinawens和SSP.当琉球群岛从欧亚大陆分离出来时，菊花和琉球将被分离出来。在P.bianor SSP中没有发现序列差异。居住在朝鲜、对马岛、日本主要岛屿、库页岛和SSP的德哈尼人。Tokaraensis和SSP.Hchijonis，表明它们最近将从朝鲜半岛(冰川时代)传播到日本群岛。Polyctor和P.bianor之间以及P.syfan ius和P.maackii之间没有发现序列差异，这表明这两个物种可能是一个相同的物种，尽管它们被认为是不同的物种。居住在日本群岛的短柱拟青蛙和冰川拟青蛙与居住在欧亚大陆的物种在系统发育上是不同的，这表明当日本群岛与欧亚大陆分离时，居住在日本的这两个物种将被隔离。

Mitochondrial ND5 gene was used for a phylogenetic analysis of Japanese and East Asian papilionid butterflies. The Papilionidae are monophyletic and their phylogenetic tree is consistent with classifications based on their morphological characters. The subgenus Achillides (genus : Papilio) are separated to two phylogenetic clusters, one of which consists of P.maackii, P.syfanius, P.krishna, P.arcturus, P.hopponis, P.paris and P.karna. the other of which consists of P.bianor, P.polyctor, P.chikae, P.hermeli P.dialis. Some species belonging to the different clusters have a similar wing pattern, which may indicate an example of parallel evolution.P.bianor is divided to four phylogenetic clusters. One is ssp. bianor and thrasymedes, another is ssp. okinawensis, another is ssp. amamiensis and ryukyuensis, and the other is ssp. dehaanii, tokaraensis and hachijonis. Base sequence differences among the four P.bianor groups are large enough to be able to regard them as different species, indicating that ssp. okinawensis, and ssp. amamiensis and ryukyuensis would be isolated when the Ryukyu Islands were separated from the Eurasian Continent. No sequence difference was found in P.bianor ssp. dehaanii inhabiting Korea, Tsushima Island, Japan Main Islands and Sakhalin and ssp. tokaraensis and ssp. hachijonis, indicating that they would spread recently to the Japan Archipelago from the Korean Peninsula (Glacial era). No sequence difference was found between P.polyctor and P.bianor, and between P.syfanius and P.maackii, suggesting that the pair may be an identical species although they are regarded as taxonomically different species.Parnassius stubendorfii and P.glacialis inhabiting the Japan Archipelago are phylogenetically distinct from those inhabiting the Eurasian Continent, suggesting that both species inhabiting Japan would be isolated when the Japan Archipelago was separated from the Eurasian Continent.