Study of San Socio-cultural Changes in Historical Dynamics of the Area

在这项研究中，我们的目的是首先弄清桑人迁徙的历史全貌及其与邻近民族的互动。研究区的居民已经搬迁到保护区外，民族关系的调整也取得了很大进展。为了达到第一个目的，我们收集和分析了考古/史料，并收集了老年人的民间故事/个人历史，以重建最近的过去。/gui，//Gana，！从社会语言学的角度对柯语和卡拉哈里语进行了调查，从语言文化的角度阐明了柯语和卡拉哈里语的接触历史。此外，还对/Gui、//Gana和Kalahari的仪式系统进行了比较研究，以阐明文化互动。第二个目的是通过访谈和观察调查搬迁计划的决策过程。与此同时，对自然资源的开发过程进行了审查：狩猎采集活动减少，因此更多地依赖现金收入和分布式配给。虽然政府鼓励小规模的农牧业，但很明显，他们的生活离经济独立还很远。通过体检和病史研究，积累了重建过去的个人历史数据。此外，我们还通过访谈和年龄估计调查了包括出生间隔变化在内的人口动态，补充了30年的人口数据，分析了封建制度对人口统计学的影响，并对肩负着桑人社会命运的年轻一代、学校教育的影响、儿童养育方式的变化和婴儿的发展模式进行了分析。

In this study, we aimed to clarify the entire picture of the history of San migration and their interaction to the neighboring ethnic groups in the first place. Inhabitants of research area had been relocated to the outside of the Reserve, and the readjustment of inter-ethnic relations has been progressing drastically. We also aimed to understand their socio-cultural changes and the dynamism of ethnic relations in the second place.To attain the first purpose, archaeological/historical materials were collected and analyzed, and folktales/personal history were collected from the aged to reconstruct the near past. /Gui, //Gana, ! Ko and Kalahari dialects were investigated socio-linguistically to clarify-the history of contact from linguistic-cultural aspect. Comparative studies of ritual systems among /Gui, //Gana and Kalahari were also conducted to elucidate cultural interaction.For the second purpose, the process of decision making to the relocation program was investigated through interview and observation. At the same time, the process of exploitation of natural resources was examined : hunting-gathering activities declined, so, more dependence on cash income and distributed rationing were observed. Though the Government encouraged small scale agriculture and pastoralism, it became clear that their life is still far from economic independence.By medical examination and a case history study, data of personal history to reconstruct the past were accumulated. Furthermore, we investigated population dynamics including change of birth intervals through interviews and age estimation, reinforced thirty years demographic data and analyzed the effect of sedentism to demography.Regarding the young generations on whose shoulder rest the destinies of San society, effect of school education, changes of child rearing and development pattern of infants were also analyzed.