Study of San Socio-cultural Changes in Historical Dynamics of the Area

本研究的目的是首先厘清桑族移民的历史全貌，以及他们与邻近族群的互动。研究区的居民已经搬迁到保护区外，民族关系的调整取得了巨大进展。第一个目的是收集和分析考古/历史资料，并从老年人那里收集民间故事/个人历史，以重建最近的过去。/桂，//加纳，！柯和卡拉哈里方言进行了社会语言学调查，以澄清从语言文化方面的接触历史。通过对/Gui、/Gana和Kalahari三个民族的仪式系统进行比较研究，以阐明文化互动。第二个目的是通过访谈和观察来考察移民搬迁方案的决策过程。与此同时，对自然资源的开发过程进行了审查：狩猎采集活动减少，因此更多地依赖现金收入和分配配给。尽管政府鼓励小规模农业和畜牧业，但很明显，他们的生活离经济独立还很远，通过医疗检查和个案历史研究，积累了个人历史数据，以重建过去。此外，我们还通过访谈和年龄估计调查了人口动态，包括生育间隔的变化，加强了30年的人口统计数据，并分析了sedentism对人口统计学的影响，对于肩负着桑族社会命运的年轻一代，还分析了学校教育的影响，儿童抚养和婴儿发育模式的变化。

In this study, we aimed to clarify the entire picture of the history of San migration and their interaction to the neighboring ethnic groups in the first place. Inhabitants of research area had been relocated to the outside of the Reserve, and the readjustment of inter-ethnic relations has been progressing drastically. We also aimed to understand their socio-cultural changes and the dynamism of ethnic relations in the second place.To attain the first purpose, archaeological/historical materials were collected and analyzed, and folktales/personal history were collected from the aged to reconstruct the near past. /Gui, //Gana, ! Ko and Kalahari dialects were investigated socio-linguistically to clarify-the history of contact from linguistic-cultural aspect. Comparative studies of ritual systems among /Gui, //Gana and Kalahari were also conducted to elucidate cultural interaction.For the second purpose, the process of decision making to the relocation program was investigated through interview and observation. At the same time, the process of exploitation of natural resources was examined : hunting-gathering activities declined, so, more dependence on cash income and distributed rationing were observed. Though the Government encouraged small scale agriculture and pastoralism, it became clear that their life is still far from economic independence.By medical examination and a case history study, data of personal history to reconstruct the past were accumulated. Furthermore, we investigated population dynamics including change of birth intervals through interviews and age estimation, reinforced thirty years demographic data and analyzed the effect of sedentism to demography.Regarding the young generations on whose shoulder rest the destinies of San society, effect of school education, changes of child rearing and development pattern of infants were also analyzed.