Visual cortical mechanisms for the perception of self-generated vs. external motion

我们如何将世界上的运动与眼球运动引起的类似的视网膜图像移位区分开来？ 这个问题在眩晕和各种空间定向障碍等疾病中特别重要， 运动知觉缺陷--包括对自我运动的抑制--会导致毁灭性的后果 奎恩斯。平衡和运动知觉受损严重影响人们的日常生活，阻碍空间 在身体运动任务中，如行走或驾驶车辆时的判断和阻碍表现。直到 如果我们知道大脑如何区分自我运动和外部运动，我们将无法开发出治疗方法 解决这类疾病的进展。开创性的研究--1960年的《S-90年》S--实际上是第一本出版的《觉醒》 非人灵长类(NHP)视觉研究--询问早期皮质神经元是否区分眼睛和外部 运动，大多数人得出结论，初级视觉皮质(V1)神经元对这两种类型的 动议。然而，这些研究对自身产生的运动条件和外部运动条件使用了不同的任务，这意味着 这两个动作引起的神经反应都不是直接可比的。因此，没有研究 到目前为止，已经开发出一种模型，说明V1中的神经元如何对外部运动和自身产生的运动做出反应。近期 MPI实验室和其他实验室的工作已经开始使用新的方法来直接比较自我和真实运动 V1中的响应。我们提出了一项变革性的研究，以利用这些新技术来评估响应 在同等刺激运动下，V1神经元对所有大小的眼球跳动的反应，与直接比较 同时在V1的所有层中查看所有条件下的任务，并开发一个链接特定 V1回路对知觉的贡献。我们的初步数据表明，V1神经元可以分化为- 在自我产生的运动和外部运动之间，驱动我们的假设：1)V1神经元区分自我产生的 产生的眼球运动与视网膜外部图像运动，2)在重新检查过程中出现抑制反馈信号。 对自身产生的运动作出反应以驱动辨别过程，以及3)对眼动的V1反应 与外部运动驱动的响应以一种非线性(尽管可预测)的方式相互作用，导致 视网膜运动检测中的生理和知觉效应。通过比较神经生理学研究结果 我们将确定V1神经元对辨别能力的贡献 外部运动与自身产生的运动，以及任何反馈(和/或可能的前馈)的来源 信号，使用层流分析。这些研究将建立到达(或产生)信号的贡献 内部)不同的V1层，以便分离外部运动和自我运动。我们将创建量化模型(基于 在我们先前建立的模型上)使用来自提议的研究的新的地面真实测量， 以确定所涉及的每个V1回路的精确神经和知觉后果。这些研究将揭示- 在各种眼球运动和神经疾病中的脑功能丧失，因此与 国家眼科研究所斜视、弱视和视觉处理项目的研究重点。

How do we distinguish motion in the world from similar retinal image displacements due to eye movements? This problem has special importance in diseases such as vertigo and a variety of spatial orientation disorders, where deficits in motion perception—including the suppression of self-motion—lead to devastating conse- quences. Impaired balance and motion perception substantially impact people’s daily lives, hindering spatial judgments and impeding performance during bodily motion tasks, such as ambulating or driving a vehicle. Until we know how the brain differentiates self-motion from external motion, we will be unable to develop therapeutic advances to address such disorders. Pioneering research in the 1960's - 90's—indeed the first published awake non-human primate (NHP) vision study—asked whether early cortical neurons discerned ocular from external motion, with the majority concluding that primary visual cortex (V1) neurons responded similarly to either type of motion. These studies used different tasks for self-generated vs external motion conditions, however, meaning that the respective neural responses evoked by either motion were not directly comparable. Thus, no research to date has developed a model for how neurons in V1 respond to external vs. self-generated motion. Recent work from the MPIs' labs, and others, has begun to use novel methods to directly compare self- vs real-motion responses in V1. We propose a transformative study to leverage these new techniques to evaluate the responses of V1 neurons to saccadic eye movements of all sizes under equivalent stimuli motions, with directly comparable viewing tasks in all conditions, in all layers of V1 simultaneously, and to develop a model that links the specific contributions of V1 circuits to perception. Our preliminary data suggests that V1 neurons can differentiate be- tween self-generated and external motion, driving our hypotheses: 1) V1 neurons distinguish between self- generated ocular motion vs. external retinal image motion, 2) an inhibitory feedback signal occurs during re- sponses to self-generated motion to drive the discrimination process, and 3) V1 responses to eye movements interact with responses driven by external motion in a nonlinear—though predictable—fashion, leading to both physiological and perceptual effects on the detection of retinal motion. By comparing neurophysiological re- sponses directly to perception in behaving NHPs, we will determine the contribution of V1 neurons to discerning external vs self-generated motion, as well as the provenance of any feedback (and/or perhaps feedforward) signals, using laminar analysis. These studies will establish the contributions of signals arriving to (or arising within) different V1 layers, so as to dissociate external vs self- motion. We will create quantitative models (based on our previously established models) using the new ground truth measurements from the proposed research, to determine the precise neural and perceptual consequences of each V1 circuit involved. The studies will elu- cidate loss of function in various oculomotor and neurological disorders and as such is directly relevant to the research priorities of the Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Visual Processing program at the National Eye Institute.