COCAINE, CAFFEINE AND NICOTINE--ORAL ABUSE AND BEHAVIOR

(1)进食时刻表间歇可导致几种慢性、 过度行为，包括口服药物过度放纵。在这些下面 时间表--诱导条件下，动物将被允许同时 选择一种药物溶液(可卡因、咖啡因或尼古丁) 或水来研究药理和非药理作用 影响物质选择和维持的因素越来越多 虐待。(二)选择性取得口服药物的条件 滥用发生(关键增强剂的间歇性，通过 有条件的增强剂)可以模拟 当人类获得药物滥用时起作用的非药理学因素 (缺乏有价值的替代方案，由社会增援机构提供便利)。 将对滥用诱导的参数进行分析。(3)网关 影响获取的药物以及影响获取的激动剂和拮抗剂药物 药物滥用，将进行评估。(4)行为后果 注射和口服可卡因、咖啡因和尼古丁 过度放纵将通过各种行为技术来衡量。 (例如，运动活动、精细运动任务性能、计时 能力)和(5)与血清平行研究中的定量相关性 药物和代谢物的药代动力学。(6)同时发生的影响 接触两种药物组合将评估可能的协同或 改善结果，特别是当携带合法药物时 用可卡因。(7)同时滥用乙醇和可卡因的情况是 对于可卡因滥用者来说，以及可能的分担行动 将对活性代谢物椰子乙烯进行行为评估。(8) 慢性时刻表诱发的交通工具和可卡因饮酒对脑功能的影响 将研究大脑区域单胺类物质及其代谢物。(9) 咖啡因作用的药理学分析将尝试使用 腺苷激动剂和拮抗剂，具有1或2种行为 技巧。

(1) Food-schedule intermittency can induce several sorts of chronic, excessive behaviors, including oral drug overindulgence. Under these schedule-induction conditions, animals will be allowed a concurrent choice to work for either a drug solution (cocaine, caffeine or nicotine) or water to investigate how both pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors come to contribute to the selection and maintenance of substance abuse. (2) The conditions under which selective acquisition of oral drug abuse occurs (intermittency of a crucial reinforcer, facilitation by conditioned reinforcers) may model the crucial participation of nonpharmacological factors operative when humans acquire substance abuse (lack of rewarding alternatives, facilitation by social reinforcers). The parameters of abuse induction will undergo analysis. (3) Gateway agents affecting acquisition, and agonist and antagonist drugs affecting the drug abuse, will be assessed. (4) The behavioral consequences of cocaine, caffeine and nicotine, both when injected and when taken by oral overindulgence will be measured by a variety of behavioral techniques (e.g., locomotor activities, fine-motor task performance, timing capacities) and (5) related quantitatively in parallel studies to serum drug and metabolite pharmacokinetics. (6) The effects of simultaneous exposure to two-drug combinations will evaluate possible synergistic or ameliorative outcomes, particularly when a licit agent is taken along with cocaine. (7) The simultaneous coabuse of ethanol and cocaine is frequent for cocaine abusers, and the possible contributary action of the active metabolite cocaethylene will be evaluated behaviorally. (8) The effect of both chronic schedule-induced vehicle and cocaine drinking on brain regional monoamines and their metabolites will be investigated. (9) A pharmacologic analysis of caffeine's action will be tried using adenosine agonist and antagonist agents with 1 or 2 behavioral techniques.