INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING AND TOLERANCE TO STIMULANTS

这一建议解决了这样一种假设，即行为对 刺激性药物是通过工具性学习来调节的。以前的研究 已经表明安非他明最初抑制了对 加糖牛奶主要是通过诱导刻板印象的头部运动来实现的， 干扰摄食(Wolgin等人，1987年)。我们建议宽容 为了达到这个效果，需要学习将这些运动引导到更多的 适应性刻板印象反应，即舔饮水管。 拟议研究的目的之一是确定耐受性 在禁止舔的情况下会发生。植入口腔插管的大鼠 在长期注射安非他明的情况下，牛奶将会加强 直接进入他们的嘴里，让他们的头保持不动或 却没有机会舔一根空的饮料管。第二个目标是 以确定运动活动的个体差异是否由 安非他明的急性注射与比率和/或 耐受性水平，随后发展为食欲减退 那药。第三个目标是通过以下方式评估该理论的一般性 确定是否对阿朴吗啡的低吞噬作用耐受， 可卡因和哌醋甲酯也涉及到学习如何传递 千篇一律的动作变成了舔。这将通过以下方式实现 比较每种药物对乳汁摄入量和 套管式和奶瓶式喂养大鼠的运动模式。这件事的最终目的是 建议是确定耐受性是否发展到食欲不振 安非他命在刻板动作无助于 低吞噬，即“自由喂养”插管喂养的大鼠。 对行为的耐受性发展较快 兴奋剂的破坏性作用可能会导致它们的广泛传播 虐待。在某种程度上，行为容忍涉及工具性 学习，拟议的研究将提供一个理论基础 了解人们如何适应行为颠覆性影响 滥用兴奋剂。

This proposal addresses the hypothesis that behavioral tolerance to stimulant drugs is mediated by instrumental learning. Previous research has shown that amphetamine initially suppresses the ingestion of sweetened milk primarily by inducing stereotyped head movements, which interfere with feeding (Wolgin et al., 1987). We propose that tolerance to this effect involves learning to channel such movements into a more adaptive stereotyped response, namely, licking a drinking tube. One aim of the proposed research is to determine whether tolerance develops when licking is precluded. Rats implanted with oral cannulas and given chronic injections of amphetamine will be reinforced with milk directly into their mouths for holding their heads stationary with or without the opportunity to lick an empty drinking tube. A second aim is to determine whether individual differences in motor activity evoked by an acute injection of amphetamine are correlated with the rate and/or level of tolerance that subsequently develops to the hypophagic effect of the drug. A third aim is to assess the generality of the theory by determining whether tolerance to the hypophagic effect of apomorphine, cocaine, and methylphenidate also involves learning to channel stereotyped movements into licking. This will be accomplished by comparing the effect of each of these drugs on the milk intake and movement patterns of cannula- and bottle-fed rats. A final aim of this proposal is to determine whether tolerance develops to the hypophagic effect of amphetamine when stereotyped movements do not contribute to hypophagia, i.e., in "free feeding" cannula-fed rats. The relatively rapid development of tolerance to the behaviorally disruptive effects of stimulant drugs may contribute to their widespread abuse. To the extent that behavioral tolerance involves instrumental learning, the proposed research will provide a rationale for understanding how people adapt to the behaviorally disruptive effects of stimulant drugs of abuse.