The First Hebrew Shakespeare Translations

我的研究的首要目标是提供第一个深入分析最早的完整的莎士比亚戏剧翻译成希伯来语，Iti'el（奥赛罗，维也纳，1874）和Ram veYa'el（罗密欧与朱丽叶，维也纳，1878）。这些戏剧是由皈依基督教的立陶宛犹太人艾萨克·索尔金森（Isaac Salkinson）直接从英语翻译过来的，这是意识形态丰富的犹太启蒙运动的一部分，该运动旨在在东欧建立现代欧洲风格的希伯来语文学，当时希伯来语在巴勒斯坦大规模重新白化之前几乎只是一种书面媒介。索尔金森的翻译在几个方面意义重大。首先，它们是世界上一些最著名戏剧作品的最早希伯来语版本，因此是研究东欧希伯来语翻译和现代希伯来文学起源的关键资源。其次，它们为后来所有的希伯来语莎士比亚译本铺平了道路，并因此提供了有价值的文学和历史背景。第三，它们为世界范围内的莎士比亚翻译提供了一个重要的、迄今为止尚未被探索的视角，因为它们是将莎士比亚作品翻译成一种很大程度上未被使用的语言的唯一例子。第四，由于Salkinson采用了高度犹太化的翻译风格，使得其译文在文化上与英文译文截然不同，因此可以为翻译理论专家提供一个有指导意义的案例研究。尽管Salkinson皈依了基督教，但他仍然坚持这种归化的方法，这与犹太启蒙运动的翻译哲学是一致的，而犹太启蒙运动的翻译哲学本身也继承了中世纪以来对欧洲文学作品进行犹太化的希伯来语改编的悠久传统。然而，尽管它们具有重要的意义，但尚未对这些杰出的翻译进行全面的研究。此外，希伯来戏剧本身在很大程度上仍然无法为读者所知，因为它们没有以现代版本重新发行，并且只在少数大学图书馆中收藏，通常仅限于珍本藏书。我将通过这个项目的主要成果，把Salkinson的开创性工作提供给广大读者，这是一本书的长度，其中包括对犹太启蒙运动中希伯来语的地位和使用的介绍，以及译者的传记小品，然后是两个希伯来语戏剧的介绍，以及英语原版的逐行评论。为了分析Salkinson的翻译目的和技巧，着重分析其作品中的犹太化因素，评注将参考当前的归化翻译理论；希伯来语和亚拉姆语的主要犹太文献，如希伯来圣经、密西拿、塔木德和光辉之书；以及19世纪Schlegel-Tieck德国版莎士比亚。要讨论的主题包括基督教和古典参考文献的中性化；圣经短语和犹太文化主题的插入；以及拉丁语和法语语言元素的希伯来化/阿拉姆化。本卷将总结在运行评论中讨论的翻译技术的专题概要。这项研究已被伦敦大学学院出版社接受，以印刷和开放获取的形式出版，将填补莎士比亚翻译和东欧希伯来文学领域的重大空白。除了这本书，我还将组织一次为期三天的关于莎士比亚和犹太人的国际会议；在马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校举办关于萨尔金森翻译作品的讲座；制作一个学生/教职员工的拉姆·维耶耶尔表演；并在伦敦地区的三所犹太学校对a - Level英语学生和教师进行一系列讲座，以提高公众对这项工作的认识。

The overarching aim of my research is to provide the first in-depth analysis of the earliest complete Shakespeare plays rendered into Hebrew, Iti'el (Othello, Vienna, 1874) and Ram veYa'el (Romeo and Juliet, Vienna, 1878). The plays were translated directly from the English by Isaac Salkinson, a Lithuanian Jew who had converted to Christianity, and form part of an ideologically loaded Jewish Enlightenment initiative to establish a modern European-style Hebrew literature in Eastern Europe at a time when the language was still almost solely a written medium prior to its large-scale revernacularisation in Palestine. Salkinson's translations are significant in several respects. Firstly, they are the earliest Hebrew versions of some of the world's most renowned dramatic works, and are therefore a key resource for the study of Hebrew translation in Eastern Europe and the origins of Modern Hebrew literature. Secondly, they paved the way for, and thus provide valuable literary and historical contextualisation for, all subsequent Hebrew Shakespeare translations. Thirdly, they offer an important and hitherto unexplored perspective on Shakespearean translation worldwide, as they constitute some of the sole examples of renditions into a largely unspoken language. Fourthly, the translations can serve as an instructive case study for specialists in translation theory in that Salkinson adopted a highly Judaising style resulting in a target text very culturally distinct from its English counterpart. This domesticating approach, to which Salkinson adhered despite his conversion to Christianity, is consistent with the dominant Jewish Enlightenment translatorial philosophy which is itself heir to a long tradition of Judaising Hebrew adaptations of European literary works dating back to the medieval period. However, despite their great significance no comprehensive study of these remarkable translations has yet been conducted. Moreover, the Hebrew plays themselves remain largely inaccessible to readers, as they have not been reissued in a modern edition and are located in only a small number of university libraries, often confined to Rare Books collections. I shall make Salkinson's pioneering work available to a wide readership via the project's main output, a book-length volume containing an introduction to the position and use of Hebrew in the Jewish Enlightenment and a biographical sketch of the translator, followed by a presentation of the two Hebrew plays alongside the English originals with a running line-by-line commentary. In order to analyse Salkinson's translatorial aims and techniques with a focus on the Judaising elements in his work, the commentary will make reference to current theory on domesticating translation; primary Jewish sources in Hebrew and Aramaic such as the Hebrew Bible, Mishnah, Talmuds, and Zohar; and the nineteenth-century Schlegel-Tieck German Shakespeare rendition. Topics to be addressed include the neutralisation of Christian and classical references; the insertion of biblical phrases and Jewish cultural motifs; and the Hebraisation/Aramaicisation of Latin and French linguistic elements. The volume will conclude with a thematic synopsis of the translation techniques discussed in the running commentary. This study, which has been accepted subject to peer review for publication by UCL Press in print and Open Access form, will fill a significant gap in the fields of Shakespeare translation and Eastern European Hebrew literature. In addition to the volume, I shall organise a major three-day international conference on Shakespeare and the Jews; hold a lecture on Salkinson's translations at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst; produce a student/staff performance of Ram veYa'el; and give a series of talks to A Level English students and teachers at three Jewish schools in the London area in order to raise awareness of the work among the wider public.