SOCIAL STATUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

核心问题是，是否社会环境因素， 环境引起的压力，特别是有因果关系， 各类精神疾病的发生和分布情况， 社区的痛苦。 如果是，涉及哪些过程？ 目前正在进行三项主要研究来调查这些问题。 所有三 利用理论公式和测量程序， 我们以前的研究主要依靠个人访谈来获得数据 收藏. 这三项研究是： 1. 纽约市122例DSM-III的回顾性病例对照研究 严重抑郁症患者，65例DSM-III精神分裂症患者， 精神分裂症样疾病（“精神分裂症”），和197人 从一般人群中取样并筛选， 对照 所有人的年龄都在19岁至59岁之间。 2. 一个大规模的流行病学研究的概率样本， 1948年至1962年间出生在以色列的约5,000名男女， 在欧洲背景的犹太人和北方犹太人之间平均分配 非洲背景;从5，000个案例中抽取了500个子样本， 精神分裂症，抑郁症，反社会人格， 物质滥用障碍，和一种非特异性的痛苦，我们是 所谓的“士气低落”; 200井控制;和大约2,800一级 这些病例和对照组的亲属。 3. 对136例原发性高血压患者的前瞻性病例对照研究 肌筋膜疼痛和130名对照无慢性疼痛。 都是女性 18至64岁之间的受试者每月接受一次随访， 年 这些研究中提出的一些问题存在差异 以及一些正在研究的结果变量。 每个人都有自己的 然而，核心是关注五种替代理论模型， 生活压力过程的要素-最近的生活事件、个人 性格，和正在进行的社会情况-可能会导致不利的 健康变化。

The central question is whether socioenvironmental factors in general and environmentally induced stress in particular are causally related to the occurrence and distribution of various types of psychiatric disorder and distress in communities. If so, what are the processes involved? Three main studies are underway to investigate these matters. All three draw on theoretical formulations and measurement procedures developed in our previous research and rely mainly on personal interviews for data collection. The three studies are: 1. A retrospective case-control study in New York City of 122 DSM-III major depressives, 65 persons with DSM-III schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders ("schizophrenic disorders"), and 197 persons sampled from the general population and screened to constitute well controls. All are between the ages of 19 and 59. 2. A large scale epidemiological study of a probability sample consisting of about 5,000 men and women born in Israel between 1948 and 1962 and divided equally between Jews of European background and Jews of North African background; a subsample of 500 cases drawn from the 5,000 with diagnoses of schizophrenia, major depression, anti-social personality, substance abuse disorder, and a type of nonspecific distress that we are calling "demoralization;" 200 well controls; and about 2,800 first degree relatives of these cases and controls. 3. A prospective case-control study of 136 patients suffering from myofascial pain and 130 controls free of chronic pain. All are females between the ages of 18 and 64 have been followed at monthly intervals for a year. There are differences in some of the questions being asked in these studies and in some of the outcome variables being investigated. Each has at its core, however, a focus on five alternative theoretical models of how three elements of life stress processes--recent life events, personal dispositions, and on-going social situations--may contribute to adverse health changes.