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Genomic analysis and characterisation of the Primula S locus.

报春花 S 基因座的基因组分析和表征。

基本信息

批准号：
BB/H019278/1
负责人：
Philip Gilmartin
金额：
$ 48.73万
依托单位：
Durham University
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH019278%2F1
关键词：
Genomic analysis characterisation Primula locus.

项目摘要

The classic textbook example of cross-pollination and reproduction in plants is that of the common Primrose. Primroses, like their close relatives including cowslips, have evolved a specialised mechanism to prevent in breeding. Unlike animals, the majority of plants are hermaphrodite and produce both male and female reproductive structures within the same flower. This causes a problem, to which evolution has provided an ingenious solution in the case of Primroses and their close relatives. Charles Darwin was the first to document the natural history of this phenomenon. As Darwin observed, Primrose plants produce one of two forms of flower, known as pin and thrum. These flowers are essentially mirror images of each other in terms of the positioning of their male and female reproductive structures. The male structures, called anthers, produce pollen; the female structure that receives the pollen is called the stigma. Pin flowers are so called because the female reproductive structures resemble a dress-makers pin, with the stigma present at the mouth of the flower, and anthers hidden within the flower tube. Thrum flowers, develop anthers at the mouth of the flower, and are so called after an old weaving term because their appearance resembles a tuft of thread or thrum, the stigma in these flowers is hidden within the flower tube. In pin flowers the female structure are high and the male structure low, in thrum flowers male structures are high and female structures are low. Given the positioning of male and female reproductive structures in the two forms of flowers, self-pollination does not occur as male and female parts of the flower are physically separated. However this reciprocal positioning in the two forms of flower facilitates cross pollination by insects. A bee visiting a thrum flower will carry pollen on its body to a pin flower where the reciprocal geometry will result in its presentation to the awaiting stigma. Similarly the transfer of pollen will occur between low anthers of a pin flower and low stigma of a thrum. Darwin observed this phenomenon and documented the fact that pin plants only cross with thrums and thrums only with pins, however he could not explain the mechanisms that control this amazing phenomenon. Geneticists in the early part of the 20th century provided an explanation for the observed pattern of inheritance, and predicted the presence of specific genes that control anther position and stigma height. However, rather surprisingly, nothing is known about the genes or mechanisms that control this text book model. Several years ago we embarked on a project to provide an explanation for Darwin's observations using the latest molecular biology techniques. We are now at a point where we are close to identifying the key genes that control the development of the two forms of Primula flower that so fascinate Darwin. This project will lead to the identification of these genes. The majority of plant derived food products, with the exception of root vegetables, cabbages and the like, are the direct result of fertilisation; fruits, seeds, grains and cereals. Even carrots and cabbages start life as seeds. Some crops cannot self pollinate, and in other plants that do, the production of hybrids is complicated self seed setting Although the Primrose is not a food crop, understanding the mechanisms that control its ability to avoid self pollination and optimise the use of insects to transport its pollen are of significance and relevance to the constant need to increase crop productivity. Although this work is aimed at understanding a fundamental mechanism in plant pollination, it has potential future applications to understand and manipulate pollination in crop plants. This is an issue of extreme importance given the on-going decline in the numbers of bees and other insects that many crop species rely on for pollination and seed production, and that we rely on for food security.

植物异花授粉和繁殖的经典教科书例子是常见的报春花。报春花，就像它们的近亲（包括樱草）一样，已经进化出一种专门的机制来防止繁殖。与动物不同，大多数植物是雌雄同体的，在同一朵花中产生雄性和雌性生殖结构。这就产生了一个问题，进化论为报春花及其近亲提供了一个巧妙的解决方案。查尔斯达尔文是第一个记录这一现象的自然历史。正如达尔文所观察到的，报春花植物产生两种形式的花之一，称为针和线。这些花在其雄性和雌性生殖结构的定位方面基本上是彼此的镜像。雄性结构，称为花药，产生花粉;接收花粉的雌性结构称为柱头。针形花之所以被称为针形花，是因为雌性生殖结构类似于裁缝针，柱头位于花的口部，花药隐藏在花管内。线型花，在花的口部发育花药，并且在一个古老的编织术语之后被称为，因为它们的外观类似于一簇线或线头，这些花中的柱头隐藏在花管内。针式花的雌性结构高，雄性结构低，有丝花的雄性结构高，雌性结构低。由于两种花的雄性和雌性生殖结构的定位，自花授粉不会发生，因为花的雄性和雌性部分在物理上是分开的。然而，这两种花的相互定位有利于昆虫的异花授粉。一只蜜蜂访问一个thrum花将携带花粉在其身体上的针花，在那里的相互几何形状将导致其介绍给等待柱头。类似地，花粉的传递也会发生在针形花的低位花药和线头的低位柱头之间。达尔文观察到这种现象，并记录了这样一个事实，即针植物只与thrums和thrums只与针，但他不能解释控制这一惊人现象的机制。世纪早期的遗传学家对观察到的遗传模式提供了解释，并预测控制花药位置和柱头高度的特定基因的存在。然而，令人惊讶的是，我们对控制这种教科书模型的基因或机制一无所知。几年前，我们开始了一个项目，用最新的分子生物学技术来解释达尔文的观察结果。我们现在正处于这样一个点上，我们接近于确定控制报春花的两种形式的发展，使达尔文着迷的关键基因。该项目将导致这些基因的识别。除了根菜、卷心菜等之外，大多数植物源性食品都是受精的直接结果;水果、种子、谷物和谷类。即使是胡萝卜和卷心菜也是从种子开始的。有些作物不能自花授粉，而在其他植物中，杂交种的生产是复杂的自结籽。虽然报春花不是粮食作物，但了解控制其避免自花授粉的能力和优化利用昆虫运输花粉的机制对于不断提高作物产量的需求具有重要意义和相关性。虽然这项工作的目的是了解植物授粉的基本机制，它有潜在的未来应用，以了解和操纵作物授粉。这是一个极其重要的问题，因为蜜蜂和其他昆虫的数量正在下降，许多作物物种依赖这些昆虫授粉和种子生产，我们也依赖这些昆虫来实现粮食安全。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（7）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems of Primula vulgaris.

DOI：
10.1186/s13007-018-0360-1
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
Plant methods
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
Hayta S;Smedley MA;Li J;Harwood WA;Gilmartin PM
通讯作者：
Gilmartin PM

Plant Regeneration from Leaf-derived Callus Cultures of Primrose (

报春花叶源愈伤组织培养物的植物再生（

DOI：
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
HORTSCIENCE
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Hayta Sadiye
通讯作者：
Hayta Sadiye

Integration of genetic and physical maps of the Primula vulgaris S locus and localization by chromosome in situ hybridization.

DOI：
10.1111/nph.13373
发表时间：
2015-10
期刊：
The New phytologist
影响因子：
0
作者：
Li J;Webster MA;Wright J;Cocker JM;Smith MC;Badakshi F;Heslop-Harrison P;Gilmartin PM
通讯作者：
Gilmartin PM

Oakleaf: an S locus-linked mutation of Primula vulgaris that affects leaf and flower development.