Genomic analysis and characterisation of the Primula S locus.

报春花 S 基因座的基因组分析和表征。

• 批准号: BB/H019278/2
• 负责人: Philip Gilmartin
• 金额: $ 37.97万
• 依托单位: University of East Anglia
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FH019278%2F2
• 关键词: Genomic; analysis; characterisation; Primula; locus.

The classic textbook example of cross-pollination and reproduction in plants is that of the common Primrose. Primroses, like their close relatives including cowslips, have evolved a specialised mechanism to prevent in breeding. Unlike animals, the majority of plants are hermaphrodite and produce both male and female reproductive structures within the same flower. This causes a problem, to which evolution has provided an ingenious solution in the case of Primroses and their close relatives. Charles Darwin was the first to document the natural history of this phenomenon. As Darwin observed, Primrose plants produce one of two forms of flower, known as pin and thrum. These flowers are essentially mirror images of each other in terms of the positioning of their male and female reproductive structures. The male structures, called anthers, produce pollen; the female structure that receives the pollen is called the stigma. Pin flowers are so called because the female reproductive structures resemble a dress-makers pin, with the stigma present at the mouth of the flower, and anthers hidden within the flower tube. Thrum flowers, develop anthers at the mouth of the flower, and are so called after an old weaving term because their appearance resembles a tuft of thread or thrum, the stigma in these flowers is hidden within the flower tube. In pin flowers the female structure are high and the male structure low, in thrum flowers male structures are high and female structures are low. Given the positioning of male and female reproductive structures in the two forms of flowers, self-pollination does not occur as male and female parts of the flower are physically separated. However this reciprocal positioning in the two forms of flower facilitates cross pollination by insects. A bee visiting a thrum flower will carry pollen on its body to a pin flower where the reciprocal geometry will result in its presentation to the awaiting stigma. Similarly the transfer of pollen will occur between low anthers of a pin flower and low stigma of a thrum. Darwin observed this phenomenon and documented the fact that pin plants only cross with thrums and thrums only with pins, however he could not explain the mechanisms that control this amazing phenomenon. Geneticists in the early part of the 20th century provided an explanation for the observed pattern of inheritance, and predicted the presence of specific genes that control anther position and stigma height. However, rather surprisingly, nothing is known about the genes or mechanisms that control this text book model. Several years ago we embarked on a project to provide an explanation for Darwin's observations using the latest molecular biology techniques. We are now at a point where we are close to identifying the key genes that control the development of the two forms of Primula flower that so fascinate Darwin. This project will lead to the identification of these genes. The majority of plant derived food products, with the exception of root vegetables, cabbages and the like, are the direct result of fertilisation; fruits, seeds, grains and cereals. Even carrots and cabbages start life as seeds. Some crops cannot self pollinate, and in other plants that do, the production of hybrids is complicated self seed setting Although the Primrose is not a food crop, understanding the mechanisms that control its ability to avoid self pollination and optimise the use of insects to transport its pollen are of significance and relevance to the constant need to increase crop productivity. Although this work is aimed at understanding a fundamental mechanism in plant pollination, it has potential future applications to understand and manipulate pollination in crop plants. This is an issue of extreme importance given the on-going decline in the numbers of bees and other insects that many crop species rely on for pollination and seed production, and that we rely on for food security.

关于植物异花授粉和繁殖的经典教科书例子是常见的报春花。报春花，就像它们的近亲，包括矢车菊，已经进化出一种专门的机制来防止繁殖。与动物不同，大多数植物是雌雄同体，在同一朵花中同时产生雄性和雌性生殖结构。这就产生了一个问题，进化为报春花及其近亲提供了一个巧妙的解决方案。查尔斯·达尔文是第一个记录这一现象的自然史的人。正如达尔文所观察到的，樱草花有两种形式，别针和线头。从雄花和雌花生殖结构的位置来看，这些花实际上是彼此的镜像。雄花结构称为花药，产生花粉；接收花粉的雌性结构被称为柱头。别针花之所以叫别针花，是因为雌花的生殖结构类似裁缝用的别针，花蕊位于花口，花药隐藏在花筒内。线头花，花药在花口处发育，因其外观类似于一束线或线头而得名，这些花的柱头隐藏在花筒内。别针花雌蕊结构高，雄蕊结构低，线头花雄蕊结构高，雌蕊结构低。鉴于雄性和雌性生殖结构在两种形式的花中的位置，自花授粉不会发生，因为花的雄性和雌性部分在物理上是分开的。然而，这两种形式的花的相互定位有利于昆虫的交叉授粉。一只蜜蜂在拜访针线花时，会将花粉携带到针线花上，针线花上的反向几何形状会将花粉呈现给等待的柱头。同样，花粉的传递也发生在针花的低花药和线头的低柱头之间。达尔文观察到这一现象，并记录了大头针植物只与蒺藜杂交，而蒺藜只与大头针杂交的事实，但他无法解释控制这一惊人现象的机制。20世纪早期的遗传学家为观察到的遗传模式提供了解释，并预测了控制花药位置和柱头高度的特定基因的存在。然而，令人惊讶的是，我们对控制这种教科书模式的基因或机制一无所知。几年前，我们开始了一个项目，用最新的分子生物学技术为达尔文的观察提供解释。我们现在所处的位置是，我们接近于确定控制两种令达尔文着迷的报春花发育的关键基因。这个项目将导致这些基因的鉴定。大多数植物性食品，除了根类蔬菜、卷心菜等，都是受精的直接结果；水果、种子、谷物和谷类。甚至胡萝卜和卷心菜都是种子。虽然报春花不是一种粮食作物，但了解控制其避免自花授粉能力的机制以及优化利用昆虫运输花粉的机制对不断提高作物生产力的需求具有重要意义和相关性。虽然这项工作旨在了解植物传粉的基本机制，但它在理解和操纵作物传粉方面具有潜在的应用前景。鉴于蜜蜂和其他昆虫的数量持续下降，这是一个极其重要的问题，许多作物物种依赖蜜蜂和其他昆虫进行授粉和种子生产，我们依赖它们来保障粮食安全。

项目成果

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems of Primula vulgaris.

• DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0360-1
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Plant methods
• 影响因子: 5.1
• 作者: Hayta S;Smedley MA;Li J;Harwood WA;Gilmartin PM
• 通讯作者: Gilmartin PM

Plant Regeneration from Leaf-derived Callus Cultures of Primrose (

报春花叶源愈伤组织培养物的植物再生（

• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: HORTSCIENCE
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Hayta Sadiye

Oakleaf: an S locus-linked mutation of Primula vulgaris that affects leaf and flower development.

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.13370
• 发表时间: 2015-10
• 期刊: The New phytologist
• 作者: Cocker JM;Webster MA;Li J;Wright J;Kaithakottil G;Swarbreck D;Gilmartin PM
• 通讯作者: Gilmartin PM

Integration of genetic and physical maps of the Primula vulgaris S locus and localization by chromosome in situ hybridization.

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.13373
• 发表时间: 2015-10
• 期刊: The New phytologist
• 作者: Li J;Webster MA;Wright J;Cocker JM;Smith MC;Badakshi F;Heslop-Harrison P;Gilmartin PM
• 通讯作者: Gilmartin PM