FACCE ERA-NET+ GreenRice

在欧洲，水稻（467 000公顷）是长袍下永久淹没（PF）的条件下使用灌溉沃茨的主要河流。气候变化已经导致河流流量减少，这是用于种植水稻的生产系统面临的一个重大挑战，该系统还需要科普水稻供应需求的增加（欧洲净短缺86万吨）。因此，现有生产方式下的水稻产量受到水资源稀缺和极端天气事件更加频繁的威胁。此外，PF稻田排放温室气体（GHG），主要是甲烷（CH 4），具有非常强的变暖潜力。交替湿润和干燥（AWD）是一种系统，其中灌溉是为了获得2至5厘米的田间水深。经过一定的天数（通常为2至7天），当田地达到土壤水势的阈值时，再次浇水。据认为，水投入可以减少15-30%，而产量不会损失，温室气体排放量将减少高达48%。因此，AWDS是欧洲稻米生产的一个有趣的替代品。GreenRice的目标是在代表欧洲水稻种植区多样性的意大利、西班牙和法国三个地区测试AWDS。在三角洲地区（西班牙和法国），水稻和通过自然区域公园保护的自然湿地是相互依存的。我们将评估从PF到AWD系统对水稻环境和生产力的影响。将监测环境要素的变化，如用水量、土壤盐分、土壤微生物群落、温室气体排放、土壤化学和丛枝菌根（AM）定植。我们将通过对一大组温带品种进行全基因组关联作图，确定在AWDS下保持其生产力的品种，并将为使用基因组选择预测其他育种系的价值的标记辅助育种奠定基础。我们将研究决定适应AWDS的性状，如根系发育，AM定殖，耐盐性和抗线虫性，使用相同的欧洲基因型大面板; AM共生对生物胁迫（爆炸）缓解的影响将进行测试。一个广泛的基因表达研究将确定根类型和基因的运输过程中的主要重要性，以及在何种程度上，他们受到AWDS。植物性状和土壤微生物群落在调节C、N和GHG循环中的作用将在受控环境研究中进行调查。所取得的成果将传播给当地的利益有关者（主要是农民和自然公园和自然空间）和科学界（通过网站、数据库和出版物）。来自4个国家的7个机构的分子遗传学、功能基因组学、植物病理学、农学、生态学和生物信息学专业的科学家将参与其中。

In Europe, rice (467 000 ha) is gown under permanently flooded (PF) conditions using irrigation waters of major rivers. Climate change, which already induces decrease in the river flows, is a major challenge in the production systems used to grow rice that needs also to cope with the increased demand of rice supply (net deficit of 0.86 Mt in Europe). Rice yields under existing production practices are therefore threatened by scarcer water availability and more frequent extreme weather events. In addition, PF rice fields emit greenhouse gases (GHG), mainly methane (CH4), that have a very strong warming potential. Alternative wetting and drying (AWD) is a system in which irrigation is applied to obtain 2 to 5 cm of field water depth. After a certain number of days (normally 2 to 7), when the field reaches a threshold of soil water potential, water is applied again. It is considered that water input can be reduced by 15-30% with no loss in yield and that GHG emissions will be reduced by up to 48 %. AWDS represents therefore an interesting alternative for European rice production. The objective of GreenRice is to test AWDS in three regions of Italy, Spain and France that are representative of the diversity of European rice growing areas. In the deltaic areas (Spain and France), rice and natural wetlands protected through natural regional parks are interdependent. We will evaluate the implications of shifting from a PF to an AWD system on rice environment and productivity. Changes on environmental elements such as water consumption, soil salinity, soil microbial community, GHG emission, soil chemistry, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization will be monitored. We will identify varieties that maintain their productivity under AWDS through whole genome association mapping of a large panel of temperate varieties and will set the bases for marker-aided breeding using genomic selection to predict the values of additional breeding lines. We will investigate traits determining adaptation to AWDS such as root development, AM colonisation, salinity tolerance and resistance to nematodes using the same large panel of European genotypes; AM symbiosis impact on biotic stress (blast) alleviation will be tested. An extensive gene expression study will identify the root types and genes of major importance in transport process and the degree to which they are affected by AWDS. The role of plant traits and the soil microbial community in modulating C, N and GHG cycling will be investigated in controlled environment studies. The results obtained will be disseminated to the local stakeholders (farmers and natural parks and spaces, mainly) and to the scientific community (through web site, database and publications). Scientists specialized in molecular genetics, functional genomics, phytopathology, agronomy, ecology, and bioinformatics from 7 institutions of 4 countries will be involved.