BLOOD IN CONTACT WITH NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SURFACES

大约40年前，当聚合物化学家、物理学家和工程师开始 为了认识到需要可以植入的假体装置 安全地进入血流，血管壁似乎只使用 在体内维持血液流动性的简单特性很少。 对这些性质的简单探索产生了相应的简单答案， 因此创造了一系列材料来模拟简单的血管 找到属性。然后，生物学家和血液学家注意到，在 在体外，与这些材料接触的血液被激发在 方式多种多样。可见反应：纤维蛋白形成，血小板粘连， 血小板铺展与聚集、黏附与铺展 每一种白血球都可能发生，现在看来每一种都是由 界面上特定的、快速的血浆蛋白相互作用。九年 在此之前，3位赞助商中的2位组织了一次类似于 现在提议。由此产生的出版物(Ann N.Y.Acad.SCI。283页，第 1-560。1977)包含理论，例如关于蛋白质构象的理论， 因为导致了硬数据；并且它包含数据，例如关于物质的数据 影响现在临床上应用的血小板，但它也包含 错误的陈述。人们开始意识到， 植入人工心脏之类的设备，会引发巨大的 可能导致最小的内皮损伤或蛋白质的事件网络 几秒钟内的吸附和相互作用，对细胞和组织的变化， 免疫反应、血栓形成、栓子形成和死亡天数或 月份。因此，尽管1977年的ANNAL被广泛使用，但它已经过时了。新的 工具正在更深入地探索更广泛的特殊领域，并进行更新 需要努力协调新的数据和理论，范围从 从纯物理学家的工作到执业外科医生的工作。新的阿纳尔 这将是这里提议的会议的结果，应该提供一个更好的 指导继续寻找血液相容的生物材料。

About 40 years ago, when polymer chemists, physicists and engineers began to realize there was a need for prosthetic devices that can be implanted safely into the blood stream, the blood vessel wall appeared to use only very few simple properties for maintaining the fluidity of blood in vivo. Simple probes for these properties yielded correspondingly simple answers, so that a host of materials was created to imitate the simple vascular properties found. Then, biologists and hematologists noticed that in vitro, blood in contact with these materials was provoked to react in a variety of ways. Visible reactions: fibrin formation, platelet adhesion, platelet spreading and aggregation, adhesion and spreading of specific white blood cells each could occur, and each now appears to result from specific, rapid plasma protein interactions at the interface. Nine years ago, 2 of the present 3 sponsors organized a conference similar to the one now proposed. The resulting publication (Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci. 283, pp 1-560. 1977) contains theories, e.g. concerning protein conformation, that since led to hard data; and it contains data, e.g. concerning substances affecting platelets, that are now applied clinically; but it also contains erroneous statements. The realization is beginning to evolve, that implantation of a device such as an artificial heart, initiates a vast network of events that may lead from minimal endothelial damage or protein adsorption and interactions within seconds, to cellular and tissue changes, immune reactions, thrombosis, embolus formation and death in days or months. Thus, while the 1977 Annal is widely used, it is outdated. New tools are probing deeper into a wider range of special fields, and renewed efforts are required to coordinate the new data and theories ranging from the work of pure physicists to that of practicing surgeons. The new Annal that will result from the meeting proposed here should provide a better guide in the continued search for blood compatible biomaterials.