Sovereign Haze: Hashish, Trafficking and the Illicit in the Western Mediterranean.

该项目旨在评估当地社区和国家当局如何与目前在摩洛哥和西班牙参与生产和贩运大麻的犯罪集团建立联系。众所周知，反叛组织和分离主义运动提供商品和服务，以此作为对抗国家权威的手段，但越来越明显的是，目标较窄的犯罪集团也在统治人民和空间。然而，这些团体很少直接挑战政府。相反，他们倾向于在他们的空隙中蓬勃发展，寻求经济和次领土的统治，以使他们的经济活动既可能又有利可图。贩毒组织尤其倾向于在那些国家被视为软弱或失败的地方运作。边境地区和边缘化省份，如摩洛哥的里夫省和西班牙的安达卢西亚省，都是各自国家失业率和贫困水平最高的省份之一，历史上一直容易举办非法活动（Pack 2019）。由于受到中央政府政策的唾斥和邻近市场利润丰厚的激励，当地社区往往接受或支持犯罪集团，这些犯罪集团将这些地区的部分地区变成了大麻交易的中心（罗宾斯2016）。谁垄断了这些地区的合法暴力？社会价值观和政治环境如何影响当地对毒品交易的看法？犯罪集团通过什么手段来加强对其活动的支持？这些都是本项目试图回答的主要问题。它将通过一系列定性方法，包括档案工作、访谈和参与观察来做到这一点。在每个国家，数据收集的重点将放在当地居民的观点及其与犯罪集团和政府组织的相互作用上（见支持案例）。它将借鉴PI在中东进行研究和长期民族志工作的经验。这项研究的结果将为社会学、政治学、地理学和历史学的广泛学术受众提供信息。在学术方面，该项目将对主权和非法理论做出重大贡献，为正在进行的有关腐败、社会价值观和犯罪治理之间联系的辩论提供新的见解。这将通过审查里夫和安达卢西亚地区的地方社区如何与参与生产和贩运大麻的犯罪集团打交道来实现。学术贡献将通过学术文章、会议报告和专著的形式发表。通过鼓励就毒品贩运的性质及其与里夫和安达卢西亚当地社区的联系进行对话，该项目还力求改善这两个国家的发展和预防犯罪政策。这将通过以下方式实现：a)在西班牙和摩洛哥举办研究设计和知识交流讲习班；b)以几种语言在主要媒体上发表专栏文章；c)未来可供政府机构和警务机构使用的最佳做法指南。该项目的潜在应用范围远远超出了所研究的两个国家。由于毒品走私和犯罪网络在世界各地不断变异，给各国政府带来了新的风险，因此比以往任何时候都更迫切需要了解它们的运作方式、它们提供的治理类型以及它们寻求维护的社会秩序形式。

This project seeks to assess how local communities and state authorities relate to the criminal groups that currently participate in the production and trafficking of hashish in Morocco and Spain. While it is well known that rebel groups and separatist movements provide goods and services as a means through which to contest state authority, it is increasingly evident that criminal groups with narrower objectives also govern people and spaces. Nevertheless, these groups rarely challenge the state directly. Instead, they tend to flourish in their interstices, seeking economic and sub-territorial dominion in order to make their economic activities both possible and profitable. Drug-trafficking organisations in particular tend to operate in places where states are seen to be weak or failing. Border regions and marginalised provinces such as the Rif in Morocco and Andalucia in Spain, both of which exhibit amongst the highest levels of unemployment and poverty in their respective countries, have been historically prone to hosting illegal activities (Pack 2019). Spurned by central government policies and incentivised by lucrative neighbouring markets, local communities have often accepted or supported the criminal groups that have turned parts of these regions into hubs for the traffic of hashish (Robins 2016). Who holds the monopoly of legitimate violence in these areas? How do social values and political circumstances shape local perceptions of the drug trade? Through what practices do criminal groups bolster support for their activities? These are the main questions this project seeks to answer.It will do so through a host of qualitative methods including archival work, interviews and participant observation. Data collection will be focused, in each country, on the perspectives of local residents and their interactions with criminal groups and government organizations (see Case for Support). It will draw on the PI's experience conducting research and long-term ethnographic work in the Middle East.The findings of this research will inform a broad academic audience in sociology, political science, geography and history. In scholarly terms, the project will make a major contribution to theories of sovereignty and illicitness, providing new insights into on-going debates regarding the links between corruption, social values and criminal governance. This will be achieved through an examination of how local communities in the Rif and Andalucia region relate to criminal groups involved in production and trafficking of hashish. Academic contributions will be delivered through scholarly articles, conference presentations, and a monograph. By encouraging a dialogue about the nature of drug trafficking and its links to local communities in the Rif and Andalucia, the project also seeks to improve development and crime prevention policies in these two countries. This will be achieved through a) research design and knowledge exchange workshops in Spain and Morocco b) op-eds in major media outlets in several languages c) a best practices guide that can be used by government agencies and policing bodies in the future.The potential applications of the project stretch far beyond the two countries under study. As drug trafficking and criminal networks are mutating around the world, presenting new risks for a wide variety of governments, it is more urgent than ever to understand their operations, the types of governance they provide and the forms of social order they seek to enshrine.