Physiological /Neural Mechanisms Of Vocal Communication

Z01 HD 001123-11 LCE和Z01 HD 001124-11 LCE是合作项目，共同研究灵长类动物的听觉交流。这些研究的总体目标是从发育、神经机制、内分泌因素和社会环境等方面全面了解灵长类动物的听觉交流。两种非人类灵长类动物，松鼠猴和普通狨猴，是研究的主要对象，并在适当情况下从其他物种收集额外数据。该项目之前的工作表明，人类婴儿哭声的功能和声学等效声音的产生是由位于大脑皮层额叶前中线的边缘皮层介导的，并且听觉皮层（颞上回）中的单个神经元素对物种特定发声的声学结构的细微差异特别敏感。表明在调节个体差异（声音特征）中起重要作用。内分泌机制的研究表明，在婴儿取回试验中，内源性催乳素水平与携带时间相关，并且通过给予溴隐碱（一种多巴胺激动剂）来减少催乳素会扰乱婴儿取回。新的发现是：(a)松鼠猴参与三种类型的从属关系：母性，其他成年雌性允许母性，以及成年雌性之间的同性从属关系。我们正在研究皮质醇和催乳素，前者与应激反应有关，后者与其他物种的婴儿亲和行为有关。我们假设催乳素与非同父异母有关，因为它在泌乳中起着明确的作用；它可能与同性成人友谊有关，因为它也与不涉及泌乳的附属行为有关，如男性养育行为。初步结果表明，血清催乳素与同种母性和高水平的同性成年亲缘关系呈正相关，血清皮质醇在整体社会互动率较低的动物中较高；B，对去年完成的一项关于狨猴游戏行为的研究的更精细的分析表明，大部分的游戏时间是和同龄的玩伴一起度过的。有哥哥姐姐的青少年与弟弟妹妹一起玩耍的时间最多，与父母（分别为父亲和母亲）玩耍的时间仅占5.74%和1.40%。没有哥哥姐姐的青少年与父母玩耍的时间更多（分别为18.86%和15.50%，父亲和母亲）。吗啡治疗（0.5 mg/kg生理盐水皮下注射）显著增加了大鼠入退游戏的持续时间和除茎外所有入退元素的频率。吗啡给药显著增加了所有粗野和翻滚游戏元素的频率。吗啡给药后“玩脸”的发生率也更高（Ftreat, (4,67)）， df = 2.55, p< 0.05；p< 0.05)， twitter也是如此，这是年轻人在玩耍时使用的一种发声方式（Ftreat, (4,67)df = 2.87）。非社交游戏要素，玩具操作（Ftreat, (4,27)df = 3.57, p< 0.05）和运动游戏(Ftreat, (4,67)df= 6.59, p< 0.001；Ftreat, (4,67)df= 4.58, p< 0.01)，在基线条件下显著升高。非游戏社交行为，如与他人坐在一起（Ftreat,(4,34)df= 0.71, p> 0.05）和梳理（Ftreat,(4,34)df= 1.09, p> 0.05），不受吗啡的影响。总的来说，吗啡的存在显著增加了运动评分（Ftreat, (4,34)df = 18.61, p< 0.001）。

Z01 HD 001123-11 LCE and Z01 HD 001124-11 LCE are companion projects that together investigate auditory communication in primates. The overall goal of these studies is to provide a comprehensive understanding of primate auditory communication in terms of development, neural mechanisms, endocrine factors, and social context. Two non-human primates, the squirrel monkey and common marmoset, are the main subjects of study, with additional data collected from other species where appropriate. Prior work in this project has shown that production of sounds that are the functional and acoustic equivalents of cry sounds in human infants are mediated by limbic cortex located along the anterior midline of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, and that single neural elements in the auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) are particularly responsive to subtle differences in the acoustic structure of species-specific vocalizations, suggesting an important role in mediating individual differences (vocal signatures). Studies of endocrine mechanisms have shown that endogenous prolactin levels correlate with carrying time in infant retrieval tests, and that reducing prolactin by administering bromocryptine (a dopamine agonist) disrupts infant retrieval. New findings are (a) Squirrel monkeys engage in three types of affiliation: mothering, allo-mothering by other adult females, and same-sex affiliation among adult females. We are investigating cortisol, which is implicated in the stress response, and prolactin, which has been implicated in affiliative behavior with infants in other species. We hypothesize that prolactin will be associated with allo-mothering because of its clear role in lactation, and that it may be associated with same-sex adult friendships because it has also been implicated in affiliative behaviors that do not involve lactation, such as male parenting behavior. Preliminary results suggest that serum prolactin is positively associated with allo-mothering and with high levels of same-sex adult affiliation, and that serum cortisol is higher in animals with low overall rates of social interaction; b) a more refined analysis of a study on marmoset play behavior completed last year indicates that the majority of play time was spent with the same age playmate(s). Juveniles with older siblings played with siblings the most, and spent only 5.74 % and 1.40 % of the time playing with parents (father and mother, respectively). Juveniles housed without older siblings spent more time playing with parents (18.86 % and 15.50 %, father and mother, respectively). Morphine treatment (0.5 mg/kg subcutaneous injection in saline) significantly increased the duration of approach-withdraw play and frequency of all approach-withdraw elements except stalk. Frequencies of all elements of rough and tumble play were significantly increased by morphine administration. Play face also occurred more frequently after morphine administration (Ftreat, (4,67)df = 2.55, p< .05; p< .05), as did twittering, a vocalization used by young during play (Ftreat, (4,67)df = 2.87). The non-social play elements, toy manipulation (Ftreat, (4,27)df = 3.57, p< .05) and locomotor play (Ftreat (4,67)df= 6.59, p< .001; Ftreat, (4,67)df= 4.58,, p< .01), were significantly elevated under baseline conditions. Non-play social behaviors such as sitting with others (Ftreat,(4,34)df= 0.71, p> 0.05) and grooming (Ftreat, (4, 34)df= 1.09, p> 0.05), were unaffected by morphine. Overall, locomotor scores were significantly increased in the presence of morphine (Ftreat, (4,34)df = 18.61, p< .001).