Etiology Of Anxiety, Mood And Distruptive Behavior Disor

这是一项关于情绪在青少年精神病理发展中的作用的生物行为纵向调查。重点是(a)负面情绪（愤怒、焦虑、悲伤）在精神病理学发展中的作用，以及(b)导致情绪失调和障碍的社会化经历和生物过程。情绪的失调体验和表达与外化（反社会模式）和内化（焦虑、抑郁情绪）障碍都有关系。青春期是这些疾病发展的关键时期。在这段时间内，精神病理的发病率增加，临床问题的性别差异更大，即男性有更多的反社会行为，女性有更多的焦虑和抑郁。青少年的三个水平（正常，亚临床和临床）共病的外化和内化问题进行了研究。青年的年龄从11岁到16岁不等，出现在两个时间点，间隔两年。研究了相同数量的男性和女性，以检查症状、情绪调节和疾病表现的发育变化的性别差异的病因。采用了多方法、多被调查者的方法。时间1包括生理和神经激素功能（ANS， HPA），青少年和家庭的行为观察，实验范例，结构化精神病学访谈和问卷调查。时间2的结果基于访谈和问卷调查方法。对于样本的一个子集（60名年轻人），所有的时间1程序都被重复，并增加了一个新的测量（情感斯特鲁普测试）来检查临床小组对情感词汇的信息处理偏差。两个时间点的数据收集已完成，所有数据文件已构建完成。

This is a biobehavioral, longitudinal investigation of the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology in adolescence. The focus is on (a) the role of negative emotions (anger, anxiety, sadness) in the development of psychopathology, and (b) socialization experiences and biological processes that contribute to emotion dysregulation and disorder. The dysregulated experience and expression of emotion is implicated in both externalizing (antisocial patterns) and internalizing (anxiety, depressed mood) disorders. Adolescence is a critical juncture in the development of these disorders. The incidence of psychopathology increases during this time period, and clinical problems become more differentiated along gender lines, i.e. more antisocial behavior in males and more anxiety and depression in females. Adolescents with three levels of (normal, subclinical and clinical) comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems are studied. Youth range in age from 11 to 16 years and are seen at two time points, spaced two years apart. Equal numbers of males and females are studied in order to examine etiology of sex differences in symptoms, emotion regulation, and developmental changes in how disorders manifested. A multi-method, multi-respondent approach is used. Time 1 includes physiological and and neurohormonal functioning (ANS, HPA), behavioral observations of youth and family, experimental paradigms, structured psychatric interviews and questionnaires. Time 2 outcomes are based on interview and questionnaire methods. For a subset of the sample (60 youth)all of the Time 1 procedures were repeated and a new measure (Emotional Stroop Test) added to examine information processing biases for emotional words in clinical groups. Data collection has been completed for both time points and all data files have been constructed. Three recent projects are described below. (1) Time 1 analyses focus on relations between individual differences in symptoms and pubertal development, neuropsychological functioning, affective styles, coping, physiological reactivity and socialization at Time 1. Recent findings indicate that cortisol (an index of HPA function) is differentially related to how males and females experience and cope with stress. Different patterns of relations for emotional and behavioral problems of males and females also were identified for testosterone and DHEA. (2) A project based on Time 2 data and using the Emotional Stroop Test has identified information processing biases in children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Based on both mother and youth reports, youth reports, externalizing problems uniquely predicted longer latencies to anger-related words but not to anxiety-related words. Conversely, internalizing problems tended to show the opposite relations. This work suggests that increased awareness of, and reaction to, personally relevant and challenging stimuli may help to understand the specific nature of adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems. (3) The first analyses to examine prediction of continuity and change in problems over time have emphasized the links between self-esteem, coping style, and anxiety and depression. Males showed higher self esteem than females, while females showed more ruminative coping and anxiety. Youth (both males and females) with high self-esteem showed less ruminative coping and fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression. The nature of the associations between self-esteem and psychiatric symptoms was explained, in part, by the extent to which adolescents also engaged in ruminative coping. Future longitudinal analyses now will examine biological and environmental factors that contribute to increases, decreases, shifts, and lack of change in psychiatric symptoms and psychological problems over time. When these longitudinal analyses are completed they will help to illuminate the interaction of biological factors and socialization experiences that influence the form of expression of psychopathology in adolescent males and females.