Effects Of Home And Out-of-home Care In Child Developmen

这项研究计划包括在瑞典哥德堡和德国柏林对有不同或独特育儿经历的儿童进行的短期和长期纵向研究。瑞典的这项纵向研究包括1982年招募的145名儿童，平均年龄为16个月。家庭和替代照料的质量对孩子的语言能力、社交技能和个人成熟度几乎没有明显影响，因为孩子们进入了正规教育系统，他们的个性逐渐影响了他们对学校的适应。纵向分析显示，随着时间的推移，他们的个性风格基本稳定，尽管随着年龄的增长，孩子们变得不那么外向，更随和，更尽责，更自我控制。随着时间的推移，男孩的自我复原力水平比女孩更稳定；男孩从童年中期到青春期中期变得不那么坚韧，而女孩在进入青春期后变得更具自我复原力。 在柏林的纵向研究中，母亲和15个月大的婴儿在适应阶段留在中心，安全依恋的婴儿皮质醇水平明显低于不安全的婴儿。当母亲停止与婴儿在一起时，安全依恋的幼儿的皮质醇反应比不安全依恋的幼儿的反应要戏剧性得多。与不安全的幼儿相比，安全的幼儿在分离时也会大惊小怪/哭泣。皮质醇和痛苦的行为标志在安全依恋的幼儿中相关，但在不安全依恋的幼儿中没有关联。当母亲和她们的孩子在托儿所呆的时间更长时，依恋更有可能变得或保持安全。

This program of research involves short- and long-term longitudinal studies in Goteberg (Sweden) and Berlin (Germany) of children with contrasting or distinctive child care experiences. The longitudinal study in Sweden includes 145 children recruited in 1982 at an average age of 16 months. The quality of home and alternative care had little apparent effect on the children's verbal abilities, social skills, and personal maturity as the children moved into the formal educational system and their individual personalities came to affect the adjustment to school. Longitudinal analyses revealed substantial stability over time in their personality styles, although children became less extraverted, more agreeable, more conscientious and more ego-controlled with age. Boys' levels of ego resiliency were more stable over time than girls'; boys became less resilient from middle childhood into mid adolescence, whereas girls became more ego resilient as they entered adolescence. In the Berlin longitudinal study, mothers remained in the centers with their 15-month-old toddlers during an adaptation phase and securely-attached infants had markedly lower cortisol levels than insecure infants. When the mothers stopped remaining with their infants, the cortisol responses of the securely-attached toddlers were much more dramatic than the responses of the insecurely attached toddlers. Secure toddlers also fussed/cried upon separation more than insecurely attached toddlers. Cortisol and behavioral markers of distress were correlated in securely attached but not in insecurely attached toddlers. Attachments were more likely to become or remain secure when mothers remained longer in the child care facilities with their toddlers.