Using the Capability Approach to understand the causes of modern slavery

全球奴隶制指数（GSI）估计，2016年全球有4030万人处于现代奴隶制中（GSI，2018）。现代奴隶制被定义为一个人控制另一个人并利用这种控制来剥削或牟利的情况。这种控制可以通过胁迫、欺骗、绑架或滥用权力或利用弱势地位来获得（联合国难民事务高级专员办事处，2000年;国际劳工组织，2017年）。现代奴隶制、强迫劳动和人口贩运经常被互换使用（ILO，2017; Siller，2016）。然而，后两种实际上是前者的形式（反奴隶制，2017），这一提议将使用现代奴隶制一词来涵盖所有三种形式。人们可以在知情或不知情的情况下进入现代奴隶制，解决这个问题已成为当今政策制定者的关键问题（Kidd & Manthorpe，2017; Siller，2016）。2017年10月发布的一份内政部报告详细介绍了英国的政策，被称为他们对现代奴隶制的“回应”。在整个报告中，重点是起诉贩运者，帮助已经经历过现代奴隶制过程的受害者，以及加强法律，使企业更难以使用现代奴隶（英国政府，2017年）。这一提议表明，这是全球目前大部分政策的典型特征，它侧重于解决现代奴隶制的症状，很少或根本没有注意到根源。关于是什么驱使人们首先进入现代奴隶制，或者是什么因素使人们一旦进入现代奴隶制就一直处于这种状态，几乎没有讨论。有人认为这是一个遗漏，它导致了当前思想的差距，以及政策是被动的而不是主动的立场。这项研究将侧重于印度的现代奴隶制，特别侧重于目前在印度境内遭受现代奴隶制的尼泊尔移民。本书将以森（1999）的能力方法（CA）为框架，对我之前的研究进行扩展，以加强对现代奴隶制及其原因的理解。能力方法是由经济学家阿马蒂亚·森（Amartya Sen）在20世纪80年代提出的，最值得注意的是他1999年的著作《发展即自由》（Development as Freedom，Sen，1999）。简而言之，保护性住房可以说是一项以人为本的措施，将人民本身置于发展的中心，使他们能够确定他们自己认为在实现可接受的生活水平方面具有价值的东西。它本质上是多维度的，允许我们观察一个人生活的各个方面，以及这如何影响他们能够做出的选择。有人认为，在现代奴隶制方面，CA可以是一个非常有用的工具。通过使用它作为分析现代奴隶制的框架，当前的思维可以大大推进，使我们能够从现代奴隶本身的角度来看待它。这可以让我们更好地理解是什么驱使人们首先成为奴隶，然后是什么让他们留在那里。在获得这种理解的过程中，我们可以制定更好地防止现代奴隶制发生的干预措施，而不是在它发生后才做出反应。

The Global Slavery Index (GSI) estimated that in 2016 there were 40.3 million people in modern slavery worldwide (GSI, 2018). Modern slavery is defined as a condition where one person has control over another anduses that control for purposes of exploitation or profit. That control can be obtained through coercion, deception, abduction or through the abuse of power or taking advantage of a position of vulnerability (UNOHCR, 2000;ILO, 2017). Modern slavery, forced labour and human trafficking are often used interchangeably (ILO, 2017; Siller, 2016). However, the latter two are actually forms of the former (Anti-Slavery, 2017) and this proposalwill use the term modern slavery to encompass all three. People can enter modern slavery either knowingly or unknowingly, and tackling the problem has become a crucial issue for policy makers today (Kidd & Manthorpe,2017; Siller, 2016). A Home-Office report released in October 2017 details United Kingdom (UK) policy, termed as their 'response' to modern slavery. Throughout the report there is much focus on prosecutingtraffickers, assisting victims who have already been through the process of modern slavery and strengthening laws to make it more difficult for businesses to engage in the use of modern slaves (HM Government, 2017).This proposal suggests that this is typical of much of current policy globally, which is focussed on addressing the symptoms of modern slavery with little or no attention given to the root causes. There is little discussion ofwhat it is that drives people to enter modern slavery in the first instance, or the factors that serve to keep people in a condition of modern slavery once they have entered it. It is argued that this is an omission, that it has led toa gap in current thinking and a position where policy is reactive rather than proactive. This research will focus on modern slavery in India, with a particular focus on Nepalese migrants currently experiencing modern slaverywithin India's borders. It will expand on my previous research by using Sen's (1999) Capability Approach (CA) as a framework to enhance the understanding of modern slavery and its causes.The CA was developed by economist Amartya Sen during the 1980s, and was perhaps most notably advanced in his 1999 book Development as Freedom (Sen, 1999). Simply put, the CA can be said to be a people centredmeasure, placing people themselves at the centre of development allowing them to define what they themselves view as having value in achieving an acceptable standard of living. It is multi-dimensional in nature, allowing usto look at all aspects of a person's life and how that impacts the choices they are able to make. It is felt that where modern slavery is concerned, the CA can be an incredibly useful tool. By using it as a framework toanalyse modern slavery, current thinking can be significantly advanced in a way that allows us to look at it from the perspective of the modern slave themselves. This can enable us to better understand what it is that drivespeople into slavery in the first instance, and then what it is that serves to keep them there. In gaining this understanding, we can develop interventions that better serve to prevent modern slavery occurring, rather thanreacting to it after it has occurred.