Ultrafine nanoparticles from decarbonised transport platforms: Reconstructing the analytical puzzle

空气污染与呼吸系统疾病之间的联系已经被描述了几十年，毒性被认为与小颗粒的高表面积有关。因此，亚23nm粒子（<23NPs）的发射越来越被认为是一个需要解决的主要问题。虽然预计到2035年，包括混合动力汽车在内的传统汽车和货车将停止销售，但重型货车（HGV）和船舶推进系统的发展速度面临几个限制因素。用于重型车辆和海洋运输的脱碳推进系统被认为是明智可行的选择，但这可能会将纳米颗粒的排放推向这些最小的尺寸。该项目的重点是未来的排放标准，特别是小于23纳米的颗粒，低于现行法规的限制。为未来运输方案选择可行的替代方案需要了解它们对<23NPs排放的贡献。计划中的实验工作侧重于提高对不同操作条件下的现象的基本理解，燃料和润滑油代表了未来用于运送人员和货物的推进系统。通过EP/T025522/1资助的海洋应用脱碳（氨/甲烷，氢）平台将被使用。研究可再生液体和气体燃料以及发动机油配方的变化及其对超细颗粒的影响。23nm以下颗粒的浓度和粒径分布将与化学成分、结构和形态交叉参考，以填补知识空白，特别是在了解它们的形成和老化机制方面。在诺丁汉纳米和微尺度研究中心（nmRC）进行的透射电子显微镜（TEM）补充了多方面的诊断方法，该方法将用于重建超细纳米颗粒的组成和性质的分析难题。我们的工业合作伙伴路博润（Lubrizol）提供的新润滑油配方和燃料添加剂将有助于了解化学配方对低于23np排放的影响。总体而言，该项目旨在利用先进的表征工具收集有关烟尘纳米颗粒形成的见解。申请人与诺丁汉大学nmRC合作开发了烟尘样品的高分辨率透射电镜（HRTEM）和三维电子断层扫描（3DTEM）。

An association between air pollution and respiratory disease has been described for decades, with toxicity seen to be related to the higher surface area of smaller particles. Emission of sub 23 nm particles (<23NPs) is therefore increasingly being realised as a major problem to tackle. While an end to the sale of conventional cars and vans, including hybrids, is predicted by 2035, heavy goods vehicles (HGV) and marine propulsion face several limiting factors on their speed of change. Decarbonised propulsion systems for heavy-duty vehicles and marine transport have been proposed as sensible viable options, but these are likely to push nanoparticle emissions towards these tiniest sizes. The project focus is towards future emission standards, particularly particles smaller than 23 nm, below the limit of current regulations. Selection of feasible alternatives for future transport scenarios requires understanding their contribution to <23NPs emissions. The experimental work planned focuses on improving a fundamental understanding of phenomena under varied operating conditions, fuels, and lubricants representative of those used in future propulsion systems to move people and goods. A decarbonised (Ammonia/Methane, Hydrogen) platform for marine applications funded through EP/T025522/1 will be used. Renewable liquid and gaseous fuels and engine oil formulation changes and their effects on ultrafine particles will be investigated. Concentrations of sub-23 nm particles and the distribution of particle sizes will be cross-referenced with chemical composition, structure, and morphology to fill the knowledge gap, especially in terms of understanding their formation and aging mechanisms. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), performed at the nanoscale and microscale Research Centre in Nottingham (nmRC), complements the multi-faceted diagnostic approach which will be developed to reconstruct the analytical puzzle of the composition and nature of the ultrafine nanoparticles. New lubricant oil formulations and fuel additives, provided by our industrial partner Lubrizol, will help to understand the impact of chemical formulation on sub-23NP emissions. Overall, the project aims to gather insights on soot nanoparticle formation using advanced characterisation tools. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) and 3D electron tomography (3DTEM) of soot samples has been developed by the applicant in collaboration with the nmRC at Nottingham University.