Rape, the State and Society: A Historical Study of Responses to Rape in South-Eastern Nigeria, c. 1940-1990.

强奸、国家和社会：尼日利亚东南部对强奸反应的历史研究，c。

• 批准号: 2872523
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2872523
• 关键词: Rape; State; Society; Historical; Study

Rape is a prevalent problem in Nigeria. Reports indicate that 1 in 4 Nigerian girls are raped before the age of 18 (UNICEF 2020). Recent claims by the Federal Government puts the number of Nigerian girls and women being raped annually to two million (Daily Trust 2019). Despite these disturbing developments being indicative of society-wide problem, academic analysis is dominated by legal and psychological studies focused on sexual offenders rather than broader social responses (Onyejekwe 2008, Olatunji 2012, Folayan 2014). The research aims to explore the changing legal definitions of rape and the diverse responses of government to rape in South-Eastern Nigeria, investigating changing legal, penal and social policies against rape.Archival evidence from native and provincial courts establishes the high prevalence of rape in South-Eastern Nigeria from the early to mid-twentieth century. Following independence, the federal government of Nigeria promulgated the penal and criminal codes in a bid to combat the crime and also ratified multiple international laws and conventions to address the historical discrimination and violence against women and girls. In spite of these efforts, the number of children, girls, and women who are raped has continued to increase tremendously. In response, local communities have staged demonstrations to question and challenge the effectiveness and efficiency of the judicial system while non-governmental organizations have increased their activities and collaborated to end rape (Human Rights Watch 2020, George, 2021).This doctoral research based on written, archival sources and oral history will examine how states and Nigerian society have understood and responded to rape from c.1940 to 1990. This time period allows comparative analysis of colonial, democratic and military dictatorship responses, and covers both peacetime and wartime patterns of sexual violence, with the Nigerian-Biafran civil war (1967-70). It will provide longitudinal and contextual data to drive impact with policy makers and NGO/advocacy groups in the South Eastern region of Nigeria and at the federal level. Historical documentation on the responses to sexual violence is essential for informing and influencing a more evidence-based policy and action against the crime, and to learn from previous failed efforts to combat sexual and gender-based violence. The start date c.1940 signifies a start of new penal reformism and legal reform across British Africa, whilst the project stops in 1990s with the introduction of the criminal and penal codes in Nigeria and a human rights activism, where existing literature provides coverage. A case study-based approach allows for a broad analysis of social responses within a manageable PhD-length project, with South-Eastern Nigeria selected due to the high prevalence of rape in the region, historically and contemporaneously, and wide availability of historical evidence. The study is guided by four questions: 1. How did both colonial and post-colonial Nigerian governments define and conceptualize rape? 2. How effective were the laws made by colonial and post-colonial governments in addressing rape? 3. What punitive measures were adopted by colonial and post-colonial government against sexual offenders? 4. What strategies did the public use to address, limit or seek justice against rape?

强奸是尼日利亚普遍的问题。报告表明，在18岁之前（联合国儿童基金会2020年）强奸了四分之一的尼日利亚女孩。联邦政府的最新主张使每年被强奸的尼日利亚女孩和妇女人数达到200万（Daily Trust Trust 2019）。尽管这些令人不安的事态发展表明了社会范围的问题，但学术分析还是由针对性犯罪者而不是更广泛的社会反应的法律和心理学研究主导的（Onyejekwe 2008，Olatunji，2012，Forayan 2014）。该研究旨在探讨强奸法的法律定义不断变化，政府对在尼日利亚东南部强奸的各种反应，调查了针对强奸的法律，刑事和社会政策的改变。对强奸的法律，刑事和社会政策。当地和省级法院的港口证据确立了从中部到三个世纪初尼日利亚东南部的强奸率高。独立之后，尼日利亚联邦政府颁布了刑法和刑事法规，以抗击犯罪，还批准了多个国际法和公约，以解决历史歧视和暴力对妇女和女童的行为。尽管做出了这些努力，但被强奸的儿童，女孩和妇女的数量仍在继续增加。作为回应，当地社区已经进行了示威，以质疑和挑战司法系统的有效性和效率，而非政府组织则增加了活动并结束强奸（人权观察2020年，乔治，乔治，2021年）。基于书面，档案资源和口述历史的博士研究将允许州和尼日尔社会对比较进行分析，从而使C.1的分析允许C.19的时间表。尼日利亚 - 比亚夫兰内战（1967-70），殖民，民主和军事独裁政权的反应涵盖了性暴力的和平时期和战时性暴力模式。它将提供纵向和上下文数据，以推动尼日利亚东南部地区和联邦一级的政策制定者和非政府组织/倡导组织的影响。关于对性暴力的反应的历史记录对于告知和影响对犯罪的更基于证据的政策和行动至关重要，并从以前的努力中学习打击基于性别和基于性别的暴力。开始日期c.1940表示在整个不列颠非洲的新刑罚和法律改革的开始，而该项目在1990年代停止，随着尼日利亚犯罪法规和刑法守则和人权行动主义的引入，现有文献提供了覆盖范围。一种基于案例研究的方法可以在可管理的PHD长度项目中进行广泛的分析，由于该地区的强奸率很高，历史上和同时发生，并且历史证据的可用性广泛，因此选择了尼日利亚东南部的尼日利亚。这项研究以四个问题为指导：1。殖民地和后殖民后的尼日利亚政府如何定义和概念化强奸？ 2。殖民和后殖民政府制定的法律在解决强奸方面的效率如何？ 3。殖民和后殖民政府对性犯罪者采取了哪些惩罚措施？ 4.公众在解决，限制或寻求公众的策略？