High-Level Influences on Low-Level Learning

高层次对低层次学习的影响

• 批准号: 7259886
• 负责人: MICHAEL J WENGER
• 金额: $ 22.25万
• 依托单位: PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-05-15 至 2011-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7259886
• 关键词: Address; Ally; Amblyopia; Architecture; Area; Behavior Therapy; Behavioral; Characteristics; Code; Cognitive; Collection; Complex; Computer Simulation; Data; Detection; Development; Diagnostic radiologic examination; Discrimination; Electroencephalography; Fire - disasters; Goals; Human; Judgment; Knowledge; Laboratories; Learning; Link; Literature; Measures; Mental Processes; Methodology; Modeling; Motor; Names; Nature; Neurons; Pattern; Perceptual learning; Performance; Plastics; Police; Process; Range; Research Personnel; Security; Semantics; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sensory; Series; Stimulus; Strategic Code; System; Testing; Theoretical model; Time; Training; Vision; Visual; Visual impairment; Visual system structure; Work; base; design; feeding; interest; neurophysiology; radiologist; research study; selective attention; skills; tumor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Human abilities are remarkably responsive to the effects of practice. Studies of the effects of practice, in both laboratory and natural settings, have documented the extent to which humans can obtain exceptionally high levels of performance in tasks ranging from motor to cognitive. Within the past two decades, a rapidly-expanding literature on perceptual learning has documented the range of tasks in which practice on basic perceptual judgments can produce dramatic improvements in performance. These studies suggest that even elementary aspects of human information processing can be substantially modified and, by extension, that early sensory levels may be highly plastic. The specific focus of this proposal is on visual tasks that involve stimulus characteristics manipulated at levels at or near observers' detection thresholds. While specific tasks may require categorization, identification, or discrimination judgments, the need to accurately distinguish between the presence and absence of a characteristic is a fundamental aspect of the perceptual abilities that are of interest; an example would be the extent to which a skilled radiologist is able to both detect and identify a tumor in an X-ray image. The available evidence on these types of skills suggests three hypotheses: (a) The acquisition and expression of perceptual expertise relies on multiple levels of encoded information, (b) All of these codes are available simultaneously, (c) The time-course of learning involves an incremental strengthening of codes at increasingly lower levels of the visual system. Tests of these hypotheses will involve the collection of both behavioral and neurophysiological (EEG) data, and the development of a computational modeling approach capable of linking these two types of data. Relevance: The explicit concern with perceptual abilities that require both detection and identification holds the potential for translational application in domains in which observers must acquire the ability to reliably distinguish between the presence and absence of some visual attribute, and to reliably categorize or name an object based on that attribute when the information available to observers may be extremely limited. Examples include behavioral interventions for visual impairments (e.g., amblyopia), the training of police sharp-shooters, or the training of security screeners.

描述（由申请人提供）：人类的能力对实践的效果有着显着的反应。在实验室和自然环境中对实践效果的研究记录了人类在从运动到认知等任务中获得异常高水平表现的程度。在过去的二十年里，有关知觉学习的文献迅速增多，记录了一系列任务，在这些任务中，基本知觉判断的练习可以显着提高绩效。这些研究表明，即使是人类信息处理的基本方面也可以进行实质性修改，并且推而广之，早期的感觉水平可能具有高度可塑性。该提案的具体重点是涉及在观察者检测阈值或接近观察者检测阈值的水平上操纵刺激特征的视觉任务。虽然特定的任务可能需要分类、识别或辨别判断，但准确区分特征的存在和不存在的需要是感兴趣的感知能力的一个基本方面；一个例子是熟练的放射科医生能够在 X 射线图像中检测和识别肿瘤的程度。关于这些类型技能的现有证据提出了三个假设：（a）感知专业知识的获取和表达依赖于多个级别的编码信息，（b）所有这些代码都是同时可用的，（c）学习的时间过程涉及在视觉系统的越来越低的级别上逐渐加强代码。这些假设的测试将涉及行为和神经生理学（EEG）数据的收集，以及能够连接这两种类型数据的计算建模方法的开发。相关性：对需要检测和识别的感知能力的明确关注具有在以下领域中转化应用的潜力：观察者必须获得可靠地区分某些视觉属性的存在和不存在的能力，并在观察者可用的信息可能极其有限时根据该属性可靠地对对象进行分类或命名。例如，针对视力障碍（例如弱视）的行为干预、警察神枪手的培训或安全检查员的培训。