Trauma, Trauma Sequela, and Alcohol Information Processing

摘要：创伤、创伤后遗症与酒精信息处理 大学生既有创伤的风险，也有创伤应激后遗症(TSS)的风险。 也许并非巧合的是，酒精的使用在美国校园里很普遍，而且 伴随着无数的后果。TSS和ALC通常同时出现，并被假定为 彼此之间有因果关系。然而，还没有研究检验相互关联的认知机制。 创伤应激后遗症可能会影响这一高危群体的酒精使用。 负性情绪与信息加工在理解TSS-ALC中的相关性 在自我用药和社会学习(SLT)模型中都注意到了关联。数据表明， 创伤及其后遗症可能会改变信息处理机制，从而使患有 TSS表现出对相关线索的注意偏向。这种偏见似乎是特定于情感上的 相关信息。我们假设TSS和饮酒同时出现的原因可以用以下方式解释 紧密关联的TSS和ALC信息存储网络，通过以下过程链接 扩散激活。也就是说，创伤线索可能会激活负面情绪和与酒精相关的情绪 信息按顺序排列，导致偏向于以可能导致 敬饮酒。我们认为创伤记忆网络的激活会影响酒精信息 以三种方式进行处理。首先，这种激活将导致偏向于处理正性酒精 期望，更具体地说，自我用药的期望。第二，加工酒精 当创伤时，信息会干扰处理其他情感无关的信息 网络已激活。最后，酒精会在记忆中与积极的东西更紧密地联系在一起 创伤记忆网络被激活时的有效信息。内隐认知已被证明 对了解酒精使用很重要，并被认为是一种关键的病因学 创伤后应激的因素。在这里，我们使用多个任务(预期反应时间；电子任务， 改良的Stroop；M-Stroop，IAT)来评估内隐的TSS-ALC认知过程。 两个实验将检验创伤线索影响酒精信息的因果路径 创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)大学生与非创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)大学生的研究第一个遗嘱 评估创伤线索和创伤后应激障碍对酒精期望加工偏向的影响 酒精信息处理的干扰(M-Stroop)。第二个测试将测试线索的影响 暴露和创伤后应激障碍对酒精信息评估(积极和消极关联)的影响 IAT。研究结果将为旨在改变人们对酒精的积极信念的干预措施提供信息，以利于 减少大学校园里的酗酒现象。项目叙事 大学时代代表着向成人期的过渡，在此期间，学生经历了成人 自由和责任，以及他们何时必须学会在一个 喝酒是常态。这可能会对那些已经试图应对后- 创伤应激。从这项研究中了解到酒精信念是如何受到创伤和 创伤后障碍(PTSD)将为旨在减少酗酒和问题饮酒的干预措施提供信息 在大学校园里。

ABSTRACT: Trauma, Trauma Sequelae, and Alcohol Information Processing College students are at risk for both trauma and resulting traumatic stress sequelae (TSS). Perhaps not coincidentally, the use of alcohol (ALC) is prevalent on U.S. campuses, and is associated with myriad consequences. TSS and ALC commonly co-occur, and are posited to be causally related to one another. Yet, no research has examined interrelated cognitive mechanisms by which traumatic stress sequelae may affect alcohol use in this at-risk group. The relevance of negative emotion and information processing in understanding TSS-ALC associations is noted in both Self-Medication and Social Learning (SLT) models. Data suggest that trauma and its sequelae may alter information processing mechanisms, such that individuals with TSS demonstrate an attentional bias to relevant cues. This bias appears to be specific to emotionally relevant information. We posit that the co-occurrence of TSS and drinking may be explained by closely associated TSS and ALC information memory networks that are linked by a process of spreading activation. That is, trauma cues may activate both negative emotions and alcohol-related information in sequence, resulting in a bias to process this information in ways that are likely to lead to drinking. We propose that activation of a trauma memory network will impact alcohol information processing in three ways. First, this activation will result in a bias to process positive alcohol expectancies, most specifically, self-medication expectancies. Second, processing alcohol information will interfere with processing other emotionally irrelevant information when a trauma network is activated. Finally, alcohol will be more strongly associated in memory with positively valenced information when a trauma memory network is activated. Implicit cognition has been shown to be important for understanding alcohol use, and has been suggested to be a critical etiological factor in posttraumatic stress. Here, we use multiple tasks (expectancy reaction time; E-TASK, Modified Stroop;M-Stroop, IAT) to assess implicit TSS-ALC cognitive processes. Two experiments will examine causal paths through which trauma cues affect alcohol information processing in college students with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The first will evaluate the impact of trauma cue and PTSD on bias in processing alcohol expectancies (E-TASK) and interference in processing alcohol information (M-Stroop). The second will test the impact of cue exposure and PTSD on the evaluation (positive, negative associations) of alcohol information using the IAT. Findings will inform interventions designed to modify positive beliefs about alcohol in the interest of decreasing heavy drinking on college campuses. PROJECT NARRATIVE The college years represent a transition into adulthood, during which students experience adult freedoms and responsibilities, and when they must learn to negotiate these in an environment where drinking is the norm. This may pose a particular challenge to those already attempting to cope with post- traumatic stress. Knowledge from this study regarding how alcohol beliefs are affected by trauma and posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) will inform interventions designed to decrease heavy and problem drinking on college campuses.