Effects of Three Underage Drinking Laws on Youth Traffic Fatalities

描述(由申请人提供)：公众通常认为21岁的最低法定饮酒年龄(MDLA-21)体现在一项法律中，因此，所有州都有相同的法律。事实上，MLDA-21州法律由多项条款组成，这些条款支持MLDA-21核心法律，并包括一系列旨在控制未成年人饮酒的政策。这些MLDA-21法规在各州有很大的不同，没有一个州拥有联邦政府倡导的所有组成部分。因此，美国目前控制未成年人饮酒的努力涉及一系列不同的政策，其中许多政策的有效性尚未得到评估。MLDA-21法律组成部分的每个州法规的生效日期都有文件记录。其中包括已经评估的MLDA-21法律组成部分：21岁以下拥有或购买酒精是非法的，使用酒精会失去驾照，零容忍驾驶(不喝酒)，带有夜间限制的渐进式驾驶许可法，以及啤酒桶注册法。此外，许多州通过了关于未成年人饮酒聚会、使用假身份证明(ID)、零售商支持假身份证明、转让/制作假身份识别法、提供/销售、非法消费、州政府控制酒精、店内卖家/服务员的年龄、场外卖家/服务员的年龄以及负责任的饮料服务(RBS)培训的社会主办法。目前正在使用结构方程模型(SEM)分析假身份证和社会寄宿法在降低致命车祸中未成年酒后驾车率方面的有效性。这项拟议的研究的目的是使用扫描电子显微镜方法确定另外三项法律的有效性：(1)DRAM商店责任法，使直销店老板承担第三方责任，并应影响对未成年人和成年司机的服务；(2)州酒精管制法律，因为在一些州，从国家垄断酒类分销和/或零售的某些方面过渡到私有化(例如，宾夕法尼亚州和弗吉尼亚州)，这种转变与酒精供应增加、酒精消费和与酒精相关的伤害增加相关；以及(3)苏格兰皇家银行培训法，因为一些州一直在加强对苏格兰皇家银行的培训要求，以努力减少过度服务的做法，特别是对未成年顾客的服务。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The public generally assumes that the Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21 (MDLA-21) is embodied in a single law, and therefore, all states have the same law. Actually, the MLDA-21 state laws consist of multiple provisions that support the core MLDA-21 laws and comprise a family of policies directed at controlling underage drinking. These MLDA-21 statutes vary considerably from state to state, and no state has all components advocated by the federal government. Thus, the current U.S. effort to control underage drinking involves a variable package of policies, many of which have not been evaluated for their effectiveness. The effective dates for each state statute of MLDA-21 law components have been documented. These include MLDA-21 law components that have been evaluated: illegal to possess or purchase alcohol if younger than 21, use alcohol and lose your driver's license, zero tolerance for driving (no alcohol), graduated driver licensing laws with night restrictions, and beer keg registration laws. In addition, many states have adopted social host laws concerning underage drinking parties, the use of fake identification (ID), retailer support for fake ID, transfer/production of fake identification laws, furnishing/selling, illegal to consume, state contol of alcohol, age for on-premise sellers/servers, age for off-premise sellers/servers, and responsible beverage service (RBS) training. Analyses of the effectiveness of the fake ID and social host laws on reducing underage drinking- driver rates in fatal crashes using structural equation modeling (SEM) is currently underway. The objective of this proposed research is to determine the effectiveness of three additional laws using SEM methods: (1) dram shop liability laws that expose outlet owners to third party liability and should affect service to underage as well as adult drivers; (2) state alcohol control laws because of a movement in some states to transition from state monopoly of certain aspects of alcohol distribution and/or retail sales to privatization (e.g., Pennsylvania and Virginia) and such transitions have been associated with increased alcohol availability, alcohol consumption and an increase in alcohol-related injuries; and (3) RBS training laws because some states have been strengthening their RBS training requirements in efforts to reduce overservice practices, particularly service to underage patrons.