Effects of Three Underage Drinking Laws on Youth Traffic Fatalities

描述（由申请人提供）：公众普遍认为，21岁的最低法律的饮酒年龄（MDLA-21）体现在一个单一的法律，因此，所有国家都有相同的法律。事实上，MLDA-21州法律包括多项条款，支持核心MLDA-21法律，并包括一系列旨在控制未成年人饮酒的政策。这些MLDA-21法规因州而异，没有一个州拥有联邦政府倡导的所有组成部分。因此，目前美国控制未成年人饮酒的努力涉及一系列可变的政策，其中许多政策的有效性尚未得到评估。MLDA-21法律组成部分的每个州法规的生效日期已记录在案。其中包括已评估的MLDA-21法律组成部分：21岁以下非法拥有或购买酒精，使用酒精并失去驾驶执照，零容忍驾驶（不含酒精），具有夜间限制的毕业驾驶执照法律，以及啤酒桶登记法。此外，许多州已经通过了关于未成年人饮酒派对的社会主机法律，使用假身份证（ID），零售商支持假身份证，转让/生产假身份证法律，提供/销售，非法消费，酒精的国家控制，现场销售者/服务器的年龄，场外销售者/服务器的年龄，以及负责任的饮料服务（RBS）培训。目前正在使用结构方程模型（SEM）分析假身份证和社会宿主法对降低未成年酒后驾车死亡率的有效性。这项拟议研究的目的是确定三个额外的法律的有效性，使用SEM方法：（1）零售店责任法，使经销商业主承担第三方责任，并应影响服务，以未成年人以及成年司机;（2）州酒精控制法，因为一些州的运动从国家垄断酒精分销的某些方面过渡，和/或或零售到私有化（例如，宾夕法尼亚州和弗吉尼亚州），这种转变与酒精供应量增加，酒精消费和酒精相关伤害的增加有关;（3）RBS培训法，因为一些州一直在加强其RBS培训要求，以减少过度服务的做法，特别是对未成年顾客的服务。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The public generally assumes that the Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21 (MDLA-21) is embodied in a single law, and therefore, all states have the same law. Actually, the MLDA-21 state laws consist of multiple provisions that support the core MLDA-21 laws and comprise a family of policies directed at controlling underage drinking. These MLDA-21 statutes vary considerably from state to state, and no state has all components advocated by the federal government. Thus, the current U.S. effort to control underage drinking involves a variable package of policies, many of which have not been evaluated for their effectiveness. The effective dates for each state statute of MLDA-21 law components have been documented. These include MLDA-21 law components that have been evaluated: illegal to possess or purchase alcohol if younger than 21, use alcohol and lose your driver's license, zero tolerance for driving (no alcohol), graduated driver licensing laws with night restrictions, and beer keg registration laws. In addition, many states have adopted social host laws concerning underage drinking parties, the use of fake identification (ID), retailer support for fake ID, transfer/production of fake identification laws, furnishing/selling, illegal to consume, state contol of alcohol, age for on-premise sellers/servers, age for off-premise sellers/servers, and responsible beverage service (RBS) training. Analyses of the effectiveness of the fake ID and social host laws on reducing underage drinking- driver rates in fatal crashes using structural equation modeling (SEM) is currently underway. The objective of this proposed research is to determine the effectiveness of three additional laws using SEM methods: (1) dram shop liability laws that expose outlet owners to third party liability and should affect service to underage as well as adult drivers; (2) state alcohol control laws because of a movement in some states to transition from state monopoly of certain aspects of alcohol distribution and/or retail sales to privatization (e.g., Pennsylvania and Virginia) and such transitions have been associated with increased alcohol availability, alcohol consumption and an increase in alcohol-related injuries; and (3) RBS training laws because some states have been strengthening their RBS training requirements in efforts to reduce overservice practices, particularly service to underage patrons.