Effects of Three Underage Drinking Laws on Youth Traffic Fatalities

描述（由申请人提供）：公众通常认为21岁的最低法定饮酒年龄（MDLA-21）体现在一个单一的法律中，因此，所有州都有相同的法律。实际上，MLDA-21州法律由支持核心MLDA-21法律的多个条款组成，并包括一系列旨在控制未成年人饮酒的政策。这些MLDA-21法规因州而异，没有一个州拥有联邦政府所提倡的所有组成部分。因此，目前美国控制未成年人饮酒的努力涉及一系列可变的政策，其中许多政策的有效性尚未得到评估。MLDA-21法律组成部分的每个州法规的生效日期已被记录。这些包括MLDA-21法律的组成部分，已经被评估过：21岁以下持有或购买酒精是非法的，使用酒精会失去驾驶执照，对驾驶零容忍（无酒精），有夜间限制的毕业驾驶执照法，以及啤酒桶登记法。此外，许多州还通过了关于未成年人饮酒、使用假身份证、零售商对假身份证的支持、转让/制作假身份证、提供/销售、非法消费、国家对酒精的控制、内部卖家/服务器的年龄、外部卖家/服务器的年龄以及负责任的饮料服务（RBS）培训的社会托管法。目前正在使用结构方程模型（SEM）分析假身份证和社会宿主法对降低未成年人饮酒驾驶致命车祸率的有效性。本研究的目的是使用SEM方法来确定三个附加法律的有效性：(1)dram商店责任法，使商店所有者承担第三方责任，并应影响对未成年人和成年司机的服务；(2)州酒精控制法，因为一些州正在从酒精分销和/或零售的某些方面的国家垄断过渡到私有化（例如，宾夕法尼亚州和弗吉尼亚州），这种过渡与酒精供应、酒精消费和酒精相关伤害的增加有关；(3)苏格兰皇家银行培训法律，因为一些州一直在加强他们的苏格兰皇家银行培训要求，以减少过度服务的做法，特别是对未成年顾客的服务。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The public generally assumes that the Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21 (MDLA-21) is embodied in a single law, and therefore, all states have the same law. Actually, the MLDA-21 state laws consist of multiple provisions that support the core MLDA-21 laws and comprise a family of policies directed at controlling underage drinking. These MLDA-21 statutes vary considerably from state to state, and no state has all components advocated by the federal government. Thus, the current U.S. effort to control underage drinking involves a variable package of policies, many of which have not been evaluated for their effectiveness. The effective dates for each state statute of MLDA-21 law components have been documented. These include MLDA-21 law components that have been evaluated: illegal to possess or purchase alcohol if younger than 21, use alcohol and lose your driver's license, zero tolerance for driving (no alcohol), graduated driver licensing laws with night restrictions, and beer keg registration laws. In addition, many states have adopted social host laws concerning underage drinking parties, the use of fake identification (ID), retailer support for fake ID, transfer/production of fake identification laws, furnishing/selling, illegal to consume, state contol of alcohol, age for on-premise sellers/servers, age for off-premise sellers/servers, and responsible beverage service (RBS) training. Analyses of the effectiveness of the fake ID and social host laws on reducing underage drinking- driver rates in fatal crashes using structural equation modeling (SEM) is currently underway. The objective of this proposed research is to determine the effectiveness of three additional laws using SEM methods: (1) dram shop liability laws that expose outlet owners to third party liability and should affect service to underage as well as adult drivers; (2) state alcohol control laws because of a movement in some states to transition from state monopoly of certain aspects of alcohol distribution and/or retail sales to privatization (e.g., Pennsylvania and Virginia) and such transitions have been associated with increased alcohol availability, alcohol consumption and an increase in alcohol-related injuries; and (3) RBS training laws because some states have been strengthening their RBS training requirements in efforts to reduce overservice practices, particularly service to underage patrons.