Cinema Smoking and Youth Smoking in Latin America

描述（由申请人提供）：本R01申请旨在加强本地在电影吸烟方面的相关研究和政策能力。美国国家癌症研究所在2008年得出结论，电影中的吸烟是青少年吸烟的原因之一。从那时起，旨在减少青少年接触电影吸烟的指令已被颁布，作为世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》第13条实施准则的一部分。这项提案将研究电影和吸烟之间因果关系的研究人员与阿根廷和墨西哥的主要科学家配对，他们已经开始在各自的国家研究同样的联系，其总体目标是加强对电影和营销对青少年吸烟的风险因素的研究。值得注意的是，我们涉及了另一位来自德国的研究人员，他已经成功地在6个欧盟国家完成了类似的研究。在与拉丁美洲同事的合作下，我们将改编欧盟协议，对国内电影内容进行编码，并对青少年进行调查，以检验一个新的假设——在国内电影中，拉丁裔角色吸烟的效果比在外国制作的电影中更强（其中的角色大多是非拉丁裔）。此外，该小组将评估青少年拥有烟草品牌商品（例如，t恤和可收藏的包装）的普遍程度，以确定对这些产品的接受程度是否与电影曝光有协同作用。该研究的目的是：1)发展研究人员在国内电影市场（约占每个国家观影电影的10%）中追踪烟草使用和品牌植入的能力；2)培养研究人员开展以学校为基础的青少年纵向调查的能力，以确定媒体和营销风险因素在促进吸烟中的重要性；3)确定政策制定和旨在减少媒体和营销曝光的研究传播工作的杠杆点。目标2包括对两国的青少年（基线为12或13岁）进行两波基于学校的调查，其中评估了过去10年发行的流行当代电影的暴露程度。在电影样本框架中加入国产电影，以检验国产电影对国外电影的影响假设。我们还将评估烟草品牌商品所有权的普遍程度，包括商品类型、品牌和展示地点。我们将确定是否在学校环境中穿着品牌商品，以及此类物品被其他人看到的频率。最后，我们将对每个国家电影业的结构、融资和决策过程进行诊断，并与一位在发展无烟电影运动中发挥重要作用的顾问一起分析结果。无烟电影运动是一项成功的运动，旨在减少美国青少年对电影的接触。结合具体国家的研究结果，这些努力旨在制定与当地相关的方法，以减少青少年对电影中烟草内容的接触。因此，本提案解决了这些国家青少年吸烟的非常重要的风险因素，并提供了独特和创新的方法来评估这种暴露，以及测试关于电影角色和品牌商品的种族和民族如何改变电影吸烟暴露与青少年吸烟之间的关联强度的新假设的能力。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This R01 application aims to strengthen capacity for locally-relevant research and policy in the area of movie smoking. The National Cancer Institute concluded that movie smoking is one cause of youth smoking in 2008. Since then, directives aimed at reducing youth exposure to movie smoking have been promulgated as part of the implementation guidelines for Article 13 of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposal pairs researchers who developed the science to demonstrate a causal link between movies and smoking with key scientists in Argentina and Mexico who have begun studying the same link in their respective countries, with the overarching aim of enhancing research on movie and marketing risk factors for youth smoking. Notably, we involve another researcher from Germany who has successfully completed a similar study in 6 European Union (EU) countries. In partnership with our Latin American colleagues, we will adapt the EU protocols for content coding domestic movies and surveying young adolescents to test a novel hypothesis-that smoking by Latino characters in domestic films is more potent than in foreign produced films (in which characters are mostly non-Latino). Additionally, the team will assess the prevalence of adolescent ownership of tobacco branded merchandise (e.g., t-shirts and collectable packs) to determine if receptivity to these products acts in synergy with movie exposures. The aims of the study are to: 1) develop the capacity for researchers to track tobacco use and brand placement in the domestic film market (which accounts for about 10% of movies viewed in each country); 2) to develop the capacity for researchers to conduct longitudinal school-based surveys of adolescents to determine the importance of media and marketing risk factors in promoting smoking; and 3) to identify leverage points for policy development and for research dissemination efforts that aim to reduce media and marketing exposures. Aim 2 involves fielding a two-wave school-based survey of young adolescents (12 or 13 at baseline) in both countries, in which exposure is assessed to popular contemporary movies released in the past 10 years. The movie sample frame will be enriched with domestic movies, in order to test the domestic vs. foreign movie influence hypothesis. We will also assess the prevalence of ownership of tobacco branded merchandise, including the types of articles, the brand, and where it is displayed. We will determine whether the branded merchandise is being worn in the school setting and how often such articles are seen by others. Finally, we will conduct a diagnosis of the structure, financing and policy-making processes of the film industry in each country and analyze the results with a consultant who was instrumental in developing the Smoke Free Movies campaign, a successful campaign to reduce youth exposure to movies in the U.S. In combination with country-specific research results, these efforts aim to develop locally-relevant approaches for reducing youth exposure to tobacco content in films. Thus, this proposal addresses very significant risk factors for youth smoking in these countries and offers unique and innovative approaches to assessing such exposures, as well as the ability to test novel hypotheses about how race and ethnicity of movie characters and branded merchandise might modify the strength of the association between exposure to movie smoking and youth smoking.