Neural basis of sensory and motor learning

感官知觉对于准确的手部运动是至关重要的，众所周知，学习发生在两种感官上。 和电机系统，以在不断变化的环境中保持准确的运动。不幸的是， 大脑的感觉和运动系统相互作用来实现这一点，人们对此知之甚少。这一知识差距限制了 依赖于对感觉运动功能潜在机制的理解的领域的进展。现有 障碍包括：(I)运动控制和感觉知觉研究的独立进化，其中 连接这些领域的重要性直到最近才被认识到。(Ii)连接感官的研究 运动功能通常是孤立地处理一种感觉形式，而不是自然的多感觉 系统的状态。这使得将实验室研究转化为自然环境变得困难。手的位置， 例如，通过视觉和本体感觉(位置感觉，来自关节和肌肉)来感知。 (Iii)神经成像发现人类皮质区域在简单的多感官刺激时活跃，但很少出现 研究了更高级的多感觉过程，如视觉-本体感觉重排，感觉的一种形式 学习与空间知觉有关。成功地塑造人类的多感觉-运动相互作用 行为，复杂的多感官过程的神经基础必须被理解。该项目解决了所有 三个路障。总体目标是在视觉-本体感觉加工的背景下，确定 感觉与运动大脑系统在感觉与运动学习中的作用。中心假设是 感觉和运动脑区域在手部控制中相互作用，每个区域都在感觉和运动控制中发挥作用。 运动学习。目标1将确定感觉与运动大脑区域在感觉与运动学习中的作用。 使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)，这种刺激可以暂时和局部地减少神经活动。在……里面 不同组的健康参与者将被刺激到传统上被认为是大脑的区域 单感官、多感官或运动。然后，参与者将体验到：(目标1A)视觉本体感觉 感觉学习；或(目标1B)运动学习。如果学习受到TMS的影响，对受刺激的人来说是一个因果作用 可以推断出大脑区域。利用神经成像，Aim 2将识别出 与视觉本体感觉相关的单感觉、多感觉和运动区 重新调整。该项目在两个方面具有创新性：(I)它代表着从目前的研究范式转变为 研究传统上被认为是单一感觉、多感觉和运动的大脑区域 包括多感官学习和运动学习的实验。(Ii)使用脑刺激来推断 大脑区域内的活动，以及神经成像，以确定大脑区域之间的相关联系。这个 拟议研究的意义在于，它将通过架设桥梁解决在实地取得进展的障碍。 多感觉背景下的感觉和运动研究以及测试复杂的感觉和运动学习 涉及人类自然行为的过程。

Sensory perception is vital for accurate hand movement, and learning is known to occur in both sensory and motor systems to keep movement accurate in a changing environment. Unfortunately, how the brain’s sensory and motor systems interact to achieve this is poorly understood. This knowledge gap limits advances in areas that depend on understanding the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor function. Existing roadblocks include: (i) Independent evolution of motor control and sensory perception research, where the importance of bridging these fields has only recently been recognized. (ii) Research that does bridge sensory and motor function typically deals with one sensory modality in isolation, rather than the natural multisensory state of the system. This makes it difficult to translate laboratory research to natural contexts. Hand position, for example, is perceived through both vision and proprioception (position sense, from the joints and muscles). (iii) Neuroimaging has identified human cortical regions active during simple multisensory stimuli but has rarely studied higher level multisensory processes such as visuo-proprioceptive realignment, one form of sensory learning related to spatial perception. To successfully shape multisensory-motor interactions in human behavior, the neural basis of complex multisensory processes must be understood. This project addresses all three roadblocks. The overall objective is to identify, in the context of visuo-proprioceptive processing, the roles of sensory vs. motor brain systems in sensory vs. motor learning. The central hypothesis is that sensory and motor brain areas interact reciprocally in hand control, with each having a role in both sensory and motor learning. Aim 1 will identify the role of sensory vs. motor brain areas in sensory vs. motor learning using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which transiently and focally reduces neural activity. In different groups of healthy participants, stimulation will be applied to brain regions traditionally considered unisensory, multisensory, or motor. Participants will then experience either: (Aim 1A) visuo-proprioceptive sensory learning; or (Aim 1B) motor learning. If learning is affected by TMS, a causal role for the stimulated brain region can be inferred. Using neuroimaging, Aim 2 will identify functional connections among unisensory, multisensory, and motor areas that change in association with visuo-proprioceptive realignment. This project is innovative in two ways: (i) It represents a shift from current research paradigms by studying brain regions traditionally considered unisensory, multisensory, and motor in a single set of experiments comprising multisensory vs. motor learning. (ii) The use of brain stimulation to infer the role of activity within brain areas, and neuroimaging to identify relevant connections between brain areas. The significance of the proposed research is that it will address the roadblocks to progress in the field by bridging sensory and motor research in a multisensory context and testing complex sensory and motor learning processes involved in natural human behavior.