Aversive Information Processing Biases in Nicotine Dependence

尼古丁依赖中的厌恶性信息处理偏差

• 批准号: 10363221
• 负责人: Brian August Anderson
• 金额: $ 22.19万
• 依托单位: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10363221
• 关键词: Abstinence; Accounting; Address; Adverse effects; Affect; Attention; Chemicals; Cigarette; Clinical Assessment Tool; Cognitive; Cues; Data; Dependence; Detection; Drug usage; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Exhibits; Exposure to; Eye Movements; Foundations; Goals; Habits; Health; Image; Individual; Knowledge; Learning; Link; Literature; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Modification; Negative Reinforcements; Nicotine; Nicotine Dependence; Outcome; Pattern; Persons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Population; Process; Public Health; Punishment; Relapse; Research; Resistance; Rewards; Role; Sampling; Shapes; Shock; Signal Transduction; Smoking; Stimulus; Substance Addiction; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Tobacco; Toxin; United States; addiction; adverse outcome; attentional bias; attentional control; aversive conditioning; base; behavior influence; cigarette smoking; craving; effective therapy; electronic cigarette use; electronic cigarette user; experience; falls; improved; information processing; insight; interest; novel; novel strategies; prevent; programs; sensory input; young adult

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise, particularly among young people, and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively- conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. However, how aversive conditioning influences attention in the context of addiction remains unexplored. This is especially pertinent to the issue of why individuals often maintain an addiction in spite of repeated exposure to its harmful effects. To address this gap in understanding, the proposed research seeks to identify how nicotine-dependent ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to the manner in which their attention systems are influenced by aversive outcomes. In Specific Aim 1, attentional biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli in ENDS users and matched non- users will be measured, probing the strength of threat-related attentional biases. In Specific Aim 2, differences between users and non-users with respect to the relative influences of threat detection and negative reinforcement on the control of attention will be examined, which together with Specific Aim 1 will provide a comprehensive picture of whether and how aversive information processing differs between ENDS users and non-users. The overarching goal of the proposed research is to more fully characterize how biases in the orienting of attention are related to nicotine addiction, offering unique insights into why users are often undeterred by the adverse effects of their habit. Knowledge gained from the proposed research could provide a foundation for more effective treatments, quitting programs, and clinical assessment tools.

项目概要/摘要 电子尼古丁传送系统（ENDS）的使用呈上升趋势，尤其是在年轻人中， 并且与尼古丁依赖有关。滥用电子尼古丁传送系统与多种不良后果有关 后果，但正如在物质依赖中经常观察到的那样，这些不良后果是 通常不足以激励和维持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重要的公众问题 健康负担。需要新的方法来促进戒烟和维持禁欲，这需要 关于为什么尼古丁成瘾仍然如此难以克服的新见解。关注已久 据了解，它在成瘾过程中发挥着重要作用，包括尼古丁成瘾。关注选择 感觉输入的哪些方面接受认知处理，从而影响行为。一个实质性的 大量研究致力于调查吸烟相关线索的机制 通过奖励介导的过程引起的注意力以及这些偏见预测戒烟的程度，以及 开发旨在促进戒烟的注意力偏差修正技术。这些努力已 很大程度上不成功，因此似乎无法说明信息处理的全部范围 导致尼古丁成瘾维持的偏见。为了追求更全面的账户 在这些偏见中，厌恶结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。兴趣有多令人厌恶 近年来，结果对注意力控制的影响有所增加，并且对厌恶性的强烈偏见 已在非临床样本中识别出条件刺激。然而，厌恶性条件反射如何影响 成瘾背景下的关注尚未得到探索。这与为什么的问题特别相关 尽管反复受到其有害影响，但人们往往仍保持成瘾状态。为了解决这个差距 在理解方面，拟议的研究旨在确定尼古丁依赖的电子尼古丁传送系统使用者和非使用者如何 他们的注意力系统受厌恶结果影响的方式有所不同。在 具体目标 1，ENDS 用户和匹配的非用户对厌恶性条件刺激的注意力偏差 用户将被测量，探究与威胁相关的注意力偏差的强度。在具体目标 2 中，差异 用户和非用户之间关于威胁检测和负面影响的相对影响 将检查对注意力控制的强化，这与具体目标 1 一起将提供 全面了解 ENDS 用户和 非用户。拟议研究的总体目标是更全面地描述偏见如何 注意力的定向与尼古丁成瘾有关，为用户经常使用尼古丁成瘾的原因提供了独特的见解 没有被他们的习惯的不利影响吓倒。从拟议的研究中获得的知识可以提供 为更有效的治疗、戒烟计划和临床评估工具奠定了基础。