Aversive Information Processing Biases in Nicotine Dependence

项目摘要/摘要 电子尼古丁输送系统(END)的使用正在增加，特别是在年轻人中， 并与尼古丁依赖有关。滥用End与各种不利因素有关 结果，但正如经常在物质依赖中观察到的那样，这些不利后果是 往往不足以激励和维持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重要的公众 健康负担。需要采取新的方法来促进戒烟和维持禁欲，这将需要 为什么尼古丁成瘾仍然很难克服，这是一个新的见解。长期以来，人们一直在关注 被认为在成瘾过程中起着重要作用，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意力选择 感觉输入的哪些方面接受认知处理，从而影响行为。一大笔钱 大量研究致力于研究吸烟相关线索的产生机制。 注意力通过奖赏中介的过程，以及这些偏见预测戒烟的程度，以及 开发意在促进戒烟的注意偏向修正技术。这些努力一直是 在很大程度上没有成功，因此似乎没有考虑到信息处理的全部范围 对维持尼古丁成瘾负责的偏见。为了寻求一个更全面的解释 在这些偏见中，令人厌恶的结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对厌恶程度的兴趣 近年来，影响注意力控制的结果越来越多，人们强烈倾向于厌恶-- 条件性刺激已经在非临床样本中被发现。然而，厌恶条件反射如何影响 在成瘾的背景下，注意力仍然没有被发掘。这与为什么 尽管反复暴露于毒瘾的有害影响中，个人往往仍保持着毒瘾。为了弥补这一差距 在理解方面，拟议的研究试图确定尼古丁依赖的最终使用者和非使用者如何 在他们的注意力系统受到厌恶结果影响的方式方面有所不同。在……里面 特定目标1，最终使用者和匹配的非使用者对厌恶条件刺激的注意偏差 将对用户进行测量，探索与威胁相关的注意力偏差的强度。在具体目标2上，差异 用户和非用户之间关于威胁检测和负面影响的相对影响 对注意力控制的强化将与具体目标1一起审查，以提供 全面了解终端用户和用户之间的厌恶信息处理是否存在差异以及差异程度 非用户。这项拟议研究的首要目标是更全面地描述 注意力定向与尼古丁成瘾有关，这为为什么使用者经常 没有被他们的习惯的不利影响吓倒。从拟议的研究中获得的知识可以提供一个 为更有效的治疗、戒烟计划和临床评估工具奠定基础。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise, particularly among young people, and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively- conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. However, how aversive conditioning influences attention in the context of addiction remains unexplored. This is especially pertinent to the issue of why individuals often maintain an addiction in spite of repeated exposure to its harmful effects. To address this gap in understanding, the proposed research seeks to identify how nicotine-dependent ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to the manner in which their attention systems are influenced by aversive outcomes. In Specific Aim 1, attentional biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli in ENDS users and matched non- users will be measured, probing the strength of threat-related attentional biases. In Specific Aim 2, differences between users and non-users with respect to the relative influences of threat detection and negative reinforcement on the control of attention will be examined, which together with Specific Aim 1 will provide a comprehensive picture of whether and how aversive information processing differs between ENDS users and non-users. The overarching goal of the proposed research is to more fully characterize how biases in the orienting of attention are related to nicotine addiction, offering unique insights into why users are often undeterred by the adverse effects of their habit. Knowledge gained from the proposed research could provide a foundation for more effective treatments, quitting programs, and clinical assessment tools.