The role of attentional bias, counterfactual thinking, and protective behavioral strategies in ENDS users

项目摘要/摘要 电子尼古丁输送系统(END)的使用正在增加，并与尼古丁有关 依赖。滥用End与各种不良后果有关，但正如经常发生的那样 在物质依赖的情况下观察，这些不良后果往往不足以激励和 坚持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重大的公共卫生负担。以新的方式 促进戒烟和持续戒烟是必要的，这将需要对为什么尼古丁 上瘾仍然很难克服。一直以来，人们都认为注意力在 成瘾过程，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意力选择感官输入的哪些方面 认知过程，从而影响行为。大量的研究致力于 研究与吸烟相关的线索通过奖赏机制吸引注意力的机制 以及这些偏向对戒烟的预测程度，以及注意偏向的形成 旨在促进戒烟的修改技术。这些努力基本上没有成功，而且 因此似乎不能全面解释信息处理偏差的原因 尼古丁成瘾的维持。为了对这些偏见进行更全面的解释， 厌恶结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对令人厌恶的结果如何影响 近年来，对注意力的控制有所增长，对厌恶的条件性刺激的强烈偏见已经 已在非临床样本中发现。厌恶性条件反射在注意力中的作用可能特别 与理解为什么个人经常保持一种毒瘾，尽管反复暴露于有害的环境中有关 影响，这可能反映出对威胁线索的轻重缓急，从而无法阻止上瘾行为。 研究表明，认知回避策略可能会在个体处于 如果有足够的时间来应用这一策略。认知策略，如反事实思维与 临床支持的策略(即保护性行为策略；PBS)可以作为跳板 对威胁刺激更具适应性的注意偏向。然而，注意力是如何受到 与公共广播公司配对的反事实仍未被探索。为了解决这一差距，这项拟议的研究试图 确定最终使用者和非使用者在注意偏向和注意偏向加工方面有何不同。新的特定 目标1关注注意偏向和注意偏向内容之间的关系，提供了一个初步了解 尼古丁成瘾的个体如何参与CF过程。《新的具体目标2》通过专注于 关于CFS和注意偏向如何预测PBS的参与、意图和目的使用测量。调查结果 将对认知过程的作用提供必要的见解，如CFS和注意偏差，在 尼古丁成瘾的领域，它的含义可以帮助了解许多认知行为 临床评估和干预计划中使用的技术。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. The role of aversive conditioning in attention could be especially pertinent to understanding why individuals often maintain an addiction despite repeated exposure to its harmful effects, which could reflect under-prioritization of threat cues that then fail to deter addictive behaviors. Research suggests that cognitive avoidance strategies may improve attentional control when the individual is given ample time to apply the strategy. Cognitive strategies, such as counterfactual thinking paired with clinically backed strategies (i.e., protective behavioral strategies; PBS), may serve as the steppingstone towards more adaptive attentional bias towards threat stimuli. However, how attention is influenced by counterfactuals paired with PBS remains unexplored. To address this gap, the proposed research seeks to identify how ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to attentional bias and CF processes. New Specific Aim 1 focuses on the relationship between attentional bias and CF content, providing an initial glimpse into how individuals with nicotine addiction engage in CF processes. New Specific Aims 2 extends this by focusing on how CFs and attentional bias predict PBS engagement, intentions, and ENDS use measures. The findings will provide necessary insights into the role of cognitive processes, such as CFs and attentional bias, in the realm of nicotine addiction, the implications of which can help inform many of the cognitive-behavioral techniques used in clinical assessments and intervention programs.