The role of attentional bias, counterfactual thinking, and protective behavioral strategies in ENDS users

注意力偏差、反事实思维和保护性行为策略在 ENDS 用户中的作用

• 批准号: 10828482
• 负责人: Brian August Anderson
• 金额: $ 6.16万
• 依托单位: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10828482
• 关键词: Accounting; Addictive Behavior; Address; Adverse effects; Attention; Attitude; Behavioral; Clinical; Clinical Assessment Tool; Clinical Psychology; Clinical assessments; Cognitive; Cognitive Science; Cues; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Exposure to; Foundations; Generations; Goals; Habits; Health; Individual; Intervention; Knowledge; Link; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Modification; Nature; Nicotine Dependence; Outcome; Participant; Pattern; Play; Process; Public Health; Reaction Time; Research; Rewards; Role; Sampling; Smoking; Social Psychology; Stimulus; Substance Addiction; Techniques; Testing; Thinking; Time; Work; addiction; adverse outcome; attentional bias; attentional control; aversive conditioning; behavior influence; cognitive process; effective intervention; effective therapy; experience; experimental study; falls; improved; information processing; insight; interest; intervention program; novel; novel strategies; parent grant; programs; prolonged abstinence; sensory input

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. The role of aversive conditioning in attention could be especially pertinent to understanding why individuals often maintain an addiction despite repeated exposure to its harmful effects, which could reflect under-prioritization of threat cues that then fail to deter addictive behaviors. Research suggests that cognitive avoidance strategies may improve attentional control when the individual is given ample time to apply the strategy. Cognitive strategies, such as counterfactual thinking paired with clinically backed strategies (i.e., protective behavioral strategies; PBS), may serve as the steppingstone towards more adaptive attentional bias towards threat stimuli. However, how attention is influenced by counterfactuals paired with PBS remains unexplored. To address this gap, the proposed research seeks to identify how ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to attentional bias and CF processes. New Specific Aim 1 focuses on the relationship between attentional bias and CF content, providing an initial glimpse into how individuals with nicotine addiction engage in CF processes. New Specific Aims 2 extends this by focusing on how CFs and attentional bias predict PBS engagement, intentions, and ENDS use measures. The findings will provide necessary insights into the role of cognitive processes, such as CFs and attentional bias, in the realm of nicotine addiction, the implications of which can help inform many of the cognitive-behavioral techniques used in clinical assessments and intervention programs.

项目总结/摘要 电子尼古丁输送系统（ENDS）的使用正在上升，并已与尼古丁有关 依赖滥用ENDS与各种不良后果有关，但通常情况下， 在物质依赖的情况下，这些不良后果往往不足以激励和 保持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重大的公共卫生负担。的新办法 促进戒烟和维持禁欲，这将需要新的见解，为什么尼古丁 成瘾仍然很难克服。长期以来，人们一直认为注意力在 成瘾过程，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意力选择接收哪些方面的感觉输入 认知过程，从而影响行为。大量研究致力于 研究吸烟相关线索通过奖励介导的 过程和程度，这些偏见预测退出，沿着发展的注意力偏见 旨在促进戒烟的修改技术。这些努力基本上没有成功， 因此，似乎没有充分考虑到所有的信息处理偏见， 对尼古丁上瘾的维持。为了更全面地解释这些偏见， 令人厌恶的结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对令人厌恶的结果如何影响 近年来，注意力的控制已经增长，对令人厌恶的条件刺激的强烈偏见已经 在非临床样本中发现。厌恶性条件反射在注意力中的作用可能特别 这与理解为什么尽管反复暴露于有害物质， 影响，这可能反映了威胁线索的优先级不足，然后无法阻止成瘾行为。 研究表明，认知回避策略可以改善注意力控制，当个人是 有足够的时间来实施这一战略。认知策略，如反事实思维与 临床支持的策略（即，保护性行为策略（PBS），可以作为垫脚石 对威胁性刺激的适应性注意偏向。然而，注意力如何受到 与PBS配对的反事实仍然未被探索。为了弥补这一差距，拟议的研究旨在 识别ENDS使用者和非使用者在注意偏差和CF过程方面的差异。新的特定 目标1关注注意偏向和CF内容之间的关系， 尼古丁成瘾者如何参与CF过程。《新特定目标2》通过聚焦来扩展这一点 CF和注意力偏差如何预测PBS参与，意图和ENDS使用措施。这些发现 将提供必要的洞察认知过程的作用，如CF和注意力偏差，在 尼古丁成瘾的领域，其影响可以帮助告知许多认知行为 临床评估和干预计划中使用的技术。