Components of selection history and the control of attention

项目总结/摘要 注意力选择感觉输入的哪些方面接受认知处理，从而影响 行为药物成瘾改变了注意系统，导致对药物的显著注意偏向 线索这种与药物相关的注意力偏差与更广泛的成瘾现象有关，包括 渴望和复发。长期以来，人们一直对实施注意力偏差测量感兴趣， 临床环境，作为告知治疗决策的预测措施或作为治疗目标。 然而，实现这一目标的一个主要障碍是，目前评估这些偏见的手段并不 足够精确以支持临床实用性，这阻碍了该领域的进展。模仿这种复杂性， 并强调需要明确的是，关于学习历史在指导中的作用， 更广泛的关注。持续的注意力偏差与奖励历史有关， 令人厌恶的结果，和结果独立的选择历史（例如，熟悉）。新出现的关于 依赖经验的注意力偏差不同意所涉及的潜在机制的性质。如果 我们不了解学习历史对注意力的各种影响，怎么能 我们理解这些影响是如何导致与成瘾相关的注意力偏差的？拟议研究 通过识别、隔离和测量多个假设的组件，直接解决了这一需求。 注意力偏差是成瘾的特征，为更准确的预测提供了必要的精度 患者的结果和更有针对性的努力，以改善这些结果，通过注意力偏差的修改。 具体目标1将区分奖励引起的共同和不同的注意力优先信号 学习和奖励独立的选择历史，探索认知和神经机制 这些优先权来源的基础。具体目标2将确定认知概况和神经 厌恶性条件反射引起的注意偏向的潜在机制， 目标1将提供一个全面的图片的多方面性质的经验依赖性的注意。的 该研究的总体目标是描述导致药物依赖个体明显注意力偏差的经验依赖性注意力偏差的多个不同组成部分。这些 注意力偏差的基本成分将提供一个更精确的窗口， 与我们对成瘾的理解相关的过程比现有的措施所能提供的要多。预计 从拟议的研究中获得的知识为克服基本的 注意力偏差测量的临床实用性的局限性，允许在这方面的富有成效的探索， 在改善评估和治疗的背景下，成瘾。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. Drug addiction alters the attentional system, resulting in prominent attentional biases towards drug cues. Such drug-related attentional biases are related to the broader phenomenology of addiction, including craving and relapse. There has been long-standing interest in implementing attentional bias measures in clinical settings, either as a predictive measure to inform treatment decisions or as a target of treatment. However, a major barrier to the realization of this goal is that current means of assessing these biases are not sufficiently precise to support clinical utility, which has stifled progress in this area. Mirroring this complexity, and underscoring the need for clarity, debate has arisen concerning the role of learning history in the guidance of attention more broadly. Persistent attentional biases have been linked to reward history, learning from aversive outcomes, and outcome-independent selection history (e.g., familiarity). Emerging accounts of such experience-dependent attentional biases disagree about the nature of the underlying mechanism(s) involved. If we do not understand the variety of influences of learning history on attention at a fundamental level, how can we understand how these influences contribute to addiction-related attentional biases? The proposed research directly addresses this need by identifying, isolating, and measuring multiple hypothesized components of the attentional biases that characterize addiction, providing the precision necessary for more accurate predictions of patient outcomes and more targeted efforts to improve these outcomes through attentional bias modification. Specific Aim 1 will distinguish between common and distinct attentional priority signals arising from reward learning and reward-independent selection history, probing both the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying each of these sources of priority. Specific Aim 2 will identify the cognitive profile and neural mechanisms underlying attentional biases attributable to aversive conditioning, which together with Specific Aim 1 will provide a comprehensive picture of the multifaceted nature of experience-dependent attention. The overarching goal of the proposed research is to characterize multiple distinct components of experience-dependent attentional bias that contribute to attentional biases evident in drug-dependent individuals. These fundamental components of attentional bias will provide a much more precise window into the attentional processes that are relevant to our understanding of addiction than existing measures can offer. It is anticipated that the knowledge gained from the proposed research with provide a foundation for overcoming fundamental limitations in the clinical utility of attentional bias measures, allowing for fruitful exploration of this aspect of addiction in the context of improving assessment and treatment.