Components of selection history and the control of attention

项目摘要/摘要 注意力选择感觉输入的哪些方面接受认知处理，从而影响 行为。药物成瘾改变注意力系统，导致对药物的注意力偏向。 暗示。这种与药物有关的注意偏差与更广泛的成瘾现象有关，包括 渴望和故态复萌。长期以来，人们一直对实施注意偏向措施感兴趣 临床环境，作为告知治疗决定的预测性措施或作为治疗目标。 然而，实现这一目标的一个主要障碍是，目前评估这些偏见的手段不是 足够精确，足以支持临床实用，这扼杀了这一领域的进展。反映了这种复杂性， 关于学习历史在指导中的作用，已经出现了关于学习历史的作用的辩论，这突显了澄清的必要性 更广泛的关注。持续的注意力偏向与奖励历史有关，从 厌恶的结果和独立于结果的选择历史(例如，熟悉度)。出现了这样的账户 经验依赖的注意偏差不同意所涉及的潜在机制的性质(S)。如果 我们不能从根本上理解学习历史对注意力的各种影响，怎么可能 我们知道这些影响是如何导致与成瘾相关的注意力偏差的吗？拟议的研究 通过识别、隔离和测量多个假设的组件直接满足此需求 注意力偏向是成瘾的特征，为更准确的预测提供了必要的精确度 评估患者的预后，并作出更有针对性的努力，通过注意偏差修正来改善这些预后。 具体目标1将区分来自奖励的共同和不同的注意优先信号 学习和奖赏独立选择的历史，同时探索认知和神经机制 这些优先来源中的每一个都是潜在的。具体目标2将确定认知特征和神经 注意偏向的潜在机制可归因于厌恶条件反射，这与特定的 目标1将全面描述依赖经验的注意的多方面性质。这个 这项研究的首要目标是描述经验依赖型注意偏差的多个不同组成部分，这些成分会导致药物依赖者明显的注意偏差。这些 注意偏向的基本成分将提供一个更精确的窗口来了解注意 与我们对成瘾的理解相关的过程，而不是现有的措施所能提供的。这是意料之中的 从拟议的研究中获得的知识为克服根本问题奠定了基础 注意偏向测量的临床应用的局限性，允许对这一方面进行富有成效的探索 在改善评估和治疗的背景下，吸毒成瘾。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. Drug addiction alters the attentional system, resulting in prominent attentional biases towards drug cues. Such drug-related attentional biases are related to the broader phenomenology of addiction, including craving and relapse. There has been long-standing interest in implementing attentional bias measures in clinical settings, either as a predictive measure to inform treatment decisions or as a target of treatment. However, a major barrier to the realization of this goal is that current means of assessing these biases are not sufficiently precise to support clinical utility, which has stifled progress in this area. Mirroring this complexity, and underscoring the need for clarity, debate has arisen concerning the role of learning history in the guidance of attention more broadly. Persistent attentional biases have been linked to reward history, learning from aversive outcomes, and outcome-independent selection history (e.g., familiarity). Emerging accounts of such experience-dependent attentional biases disagree about the nature of the underlying mechanism(s) involved. If we do not understand the variety of influences of learning history on attention at a fundamental level, how can we understand how these influences contribute to addiction-related attentional biases? The proposed research directly addresses this need by identifying, isolating, and measuring multiple hypothesized components of the attentional biases that characterize addiction, providing the precision necessary for more accurate predictions of patient outcomes and more targeted efforts to improve these outcomes through attentional bias modification. Specific Aim 1 will distinguish between common and distinct attentional priority signals arising from reward learning and reward-independent selection history, probing both the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying each of these sources of priority. Specific Aim 2 will identify the cognitive profile and neural mechanisms underlying attentional biases attributable to aversive conditioning, which together with Specific Aim 1 will provide a comprehensive picture of the multifaceted nature of experience-dependent attention. The overarching goal of the proposed research is to characterize multiple distinct components of experience-dependent attentional bias that contribute to attentional biases evident in drug-dependent individuals. These fundamental components of attentional bias will provide a much more precise window into the attentional processes that are relevant to our understanding of addiction than existing measures can offer. It is anticipated that the knowledge gained from the proposed research with provide a foundation for overcoming fundamental limitations in the clinical utility of attentional bias measures, allowing for fruitful exploration of this aspect of addiction in the context of improving assessment and treatment.