Comprehensive Human Expressed Sequences in Brain (CHESS-BRAIN) and their roles in neuropsychiatric illness

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Project Summary The widespread use of RNA sequencing technology over the past decade has allowed scientists to discover a far larger and richer repertoire of genes and transcripts encoded by the human genome than were known just a decade ago. At least 90% of human genes have multiple isoforms, including splicing variants, alternative sites of transcription initiation and termination, exon skipping events, and more. The number of human transcripts in standard gene databases has grown enormously, from ~40,000 in the late 2000s to over 200,000 today, but it is still likely far from complete. Our previous work using exon-exon splice junctions and other fragmentary transcripts has demonstrated the clinical relevance of unannotated but expressed genes in the human brain, including associations with schizophrenia and its genetic risk. This project will attempt to discover and characterize novel gene isoforms collected from both healthy and diseased brains, using the latest computational methods for transcriptome assembly and an extensive collection of brain RNA-seq datasets. The project is organized into three aims: first, we will develop new algorithms designed to assemble RNA-seq data from samples that have been sequenced using ribosomal RNA depletion, a technique that is widely used in human brain studies but that is not used in most other RNA-seq experiments, which instead use polyA+ enrichment. We will implement these methods as extensions to the HISAT and StringTie systems for RNA-seq alignment and assembly, both of which were developed in the PI's and co-PI's labs. We will then apply these improved methods to thousands of publicly available RNA-seq samples from human brain tissue to create a new "CHESS-BRAIN" (Comprehensive Human Expressed Sequences in Brain) gene annotation database. This effort will also determine which transcripts are tissue-specific and brain-region specific; i.e., expressed at significantly higher or lower levels in brain tissues and in various brain regions as compared to other tissues. In the second aim, we will use these methods to quantify gene expression levels in hundreds of post-mortem brain RNA-seq samples from subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZD), major depression (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), whom we will compare to matched controls to identify the contribution of unannotated transcription in these disorders. In our third aim we will perform expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping across the entire CHESS-brain dataset, both within and across brain regions and diagnoses, to identify genetic regulation of unannotated transcripts, including both coding and noncoding transcripts. This analysis will identify genes and transcripts whose expression levels change significantly in different tissues and diseases. We will combine these results to identify novel transcripts associated with genetic risk for each of the psychiatric disorders.