Air Pollution and Childhood Cancers in California

加利福尼亚州的空气污染和儿童癌症

• 批准号: 7875378
• 负责人: Julia Heck
• 金额: $ 23.06万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-01 至 2012-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7875378
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Adult; Age; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Animals; Area; Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Benzene; Biological Monitoring; Birth; Birth Certificates; Birth Records; Brain; Breathing; Butadiene; Caliber; California; Carbon Monoxide; Carcinogens; Cause of Death; Characteristics; Chemicals; Child; Childhood; Childhood Asthma; Cohort Studies; Communities; Commuting; Congenital Abnormality; County; Data; Development; Diesel Exhaust; Disease; Environmental Risk Factor; Etiology; Exposure to; Fetal Development; Fetus; Frequencies; Future; Gasoline; Genetic; Goals; Government; Health; Hematologic Neoplasms; Hematopoietic Neoplasms; Human; Incidence; Individual; Infant Mortality; International Agency for Research on Cancer; Investigation; Ionizing radiation; Knowledge; Life; Literature; Los Angeles; Malignant Childhood Neoplasm; Malignant Neoplasms; Measurement; Measures; Metals; Methodology; Methods; Metric; Modeling; Monitor; Motor Vehicles; Nitrogen Oxides; Outcome; Outcome Study; Ozone; Participant; Particulate; Particulate Matter; Perinatal; Pilot Projects; Placenta; Pollution; Population Growth; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Prevention; Process; Proxy; Publications; Reporting; Research; Research Design; Resources; Risk; Risk Factors; Role; Sample Size; Second Primary Cancers; Selection Bias; Syndrome; Techniques; Testing; Time; Toxin; Transportation; Travel; Uncertainty; Weight; Work; air monitoring; anticancer research; base; cancer risk; cancer type; carcinogenicity; cohort; density; design; early childhood; early life exposure; exhaust; experience; improved; infancy; neoplasm registry; pollutant; prenatal; prenatal exposure; public health relevance; sex; trafficking

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The etiology of childhood cancers is not well understood, and as such, the opportunities for prevention are few. Traffic-related air pollution is a possible human carcinogen, and constituents of are pollution such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are established causes of human cancers. Evidence suggests that the fetus is more susceptible than the adult to a number of pollutants including PAHs and particulate matter. To date, however, there is only a small literature on air pollution and childhood cancers, and nearly all studies have utilized ecologic designs or simple proxies of air quality rather than relying on monitoring of criteria air pollutants or specific air toxics, or by utilizing sophisticated exposure models. Further, the rarity of childhood cancers have necessitated small sample sizes with few studies having adequate power to report risks for specific childhood cancer subtypes. In the proposed study, we wish to capitalize on the availability of widescale air monitoring of criteria air pollutants and the unique resource of community-based air toxics monitoring data to examine cancer risk among California children. Eligible subjects will include children age d5 in the California Cancer Registry (1988-2007, N=12042) and 10 controls per case selected at random from California birthrolls. Our specific aims are: (1) to estimate prenatal and early childhood exposures to air pollution using 4 metrics: existing measurement data from government operated monitoring stations; NOX and PM2.5 as estimated by CALINE4 air dispersion modeling; distance-weighted traffic density, which will be useful to compare results to previous studies; and specific air toxics (benzene, 1,3 butadiene, PAHs) using measurement data from existing community-based air monitoring stations; (2) to test the hypothesis that traffic-related air pollution increases risk of childhood cancer; (3) to test the hypothesis that general background air pollution increases cancer risk; (4) to test the hypothesis that certain air toxics increase risk of childhood cancers, with a particular focus on PAHs with brain and hematopoietic cancers; benzene with hematopoietic cancers; and 1,3 butadiene with hematopoietic cancers. Risks for the above pollutants will be generated based upon geocoded residential address, taken from birth certificates. The proposed study will be the largest to date to examine the cancer risks associated with air pollution and will utilize individual-level, refined and validated measures of vehicle exhaust related pollution concentrations. Importantly, we expect the findings to enhance our understanding of whether motor vehicle air toxics are the primary drivers of associations between childhood cancers and air pollutants observed in previous studies. If the proposed research is able to pinpoint specific toxins of greater relevance to birth outcomes, future research using personal and biomonitoring would be able to target these compounds. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Cancers are the second leading cause of death among children between infancy and age 15, with 10,730 new cases expected in the US in 2008. The etiology of childhood cancers is not well elucidated. The proposed study will examine perinatal and early life exposure to air pollution and test hypotheses of associations with later cancer development.

描述（由申请人提供）：儿童癌症的病因学尚未得到很好的理解，因此，预防的机会很少。与交通相关的空气污染是一种可能的人类致癌物，苯、1，3-丁二烯和多环芳烃（PAHs）等污染成分是人类癌症的既定原因。有证据表明，胎儿比成人更容易受到一些污染物的影响，包括多环芳烃和颗粒物。然而，到目前为止，关于空气污染和儿童癌症的文献很少，几乎所有的研究都使用了生态设计或简单的空气质量替代品，而不是依赖于标准空气污染物或特定空气毒性的监测，或者使用复杂的暴露模型。此外，儿童癌症的罕见性需要小样本量，很少有研究有足够的力量报告特定儿童癌症亚型的风险。在拟议的研究中，我们希望利用标准空气污染物的可测量空气监测的可用性和基于社区的空气毒性监测数据的独特资源来检查加州儿童的癌症风险。合格的受试者将包括加州癌症登记处（1988-2007，N=12042）中年龄为d5的儿童和从加州出生地随机选择的每例10名对照。我们的具体目标是：（1）使用4个指标估计产前和幼儿暴露于空气污染：来自政府运营的监测站的现有测量数据; CALINE 4空气扩散模型估计的NOX和PM2.5;距离加权交通密度，这将有助于将结果与以前的研究进行比较;和特定的空气毒物（苯，1，3丁二烯，多环芳烃）使用现有的基于社区的空气监测站的测量数据;（2）检验与交通有关的空气污染增加儿童癌症风险的假设;（3）检验一般背景空气污染增加癌症风险的假设;（4）检验某些空气有毒物质增加儿童癌症风险的假设，特别关注多环芳烃与脑癌和造血系统癌症;苯与造血系统癌症;和1，3丁二烯与造血系统癌症。上述污染物的风险将根据出生证明中的地理编码居住地址产生。这项拟议的研究将是迄今为止最大的一项研究，以审查与空气污染有关的癌症风险，并将利用个人水平，改进和验证的车辆废气相关污染浓度的措施。重要的是，我们希望这些发现能够增强我们对机动车空气毒性是否是先前研究中观察到的儿童癌症与空气污染物之间关联的主要驱动因素的理解。如果拟议的研究能够确定与出生结果更相关的特定毒素，未来使用个人和生物监测的研究将能够针对这些化合物。 公共卫生关系：癌症是婴儿期至15岁儿童死亡的第二大原因，预计2008年美国将有10,730例新病例。儿童癌症的病因学尚未得到很好的阐明。拟议的研究将检查围产期和生命早期暴露于空气污染，并测试与后来癌症发展相关的假设。