Chemistry in near-critical and supercritical water for the generation IV CANDU reactor concept

第四代 CANDU 反应堆概念的近临界和超临界水中的化学

• 批准号: 322327-2005
• 负责人: Tremaine, Peter
• 金额: $ 5.68万
• 依托单位: University of Guelph
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Strategic Projects - Group
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2008-01-01 至 2009-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=397329
• 关键词: Chemistry; near; critical; supercritical; water

The "Generation IV" CANDU reactor is a conceptual design for a novel, extremely energy-efficient  advanced reactor that would come on line in 2025.  The Gen IV concept would produce super-critical water at temperatures as high as 625°C to generate electricity, hydrogen and district heating.   The use of super-critical water to carry heat from the reactor core to the turbine will generate much more extreme water chemistry conditions than those used in current CANDU design, which operates from 250 to 310°C.  The long term viability of the Gen IV CANDU concept depends on the ability of designers to predict and control water chemistry to minimize radionuclide transport and subtle corrosion effects. This proposal seeks funding for a collaborative project that will use a state-of-the-art conductance system, developed at the University of Delaware and now moved to Guelph, to determine ionization and association constants for simple acids, bases and metal salts under near-critical and super-critical conditions (300 to 400°C, and 30 MPa).  The conductance apparatus is an extremely specialized piece of high-precision equipment, one of only two instruments with this capability in North America.  The project includes the upgrading and calibration of the equipment for improved operation in the supercritical region, measurements on several acids, bases and salts relevant to Gen IV steam generator chemistry, and the development of equations to predict the behaviour of aqueous species under these extreme conditions.  This pre-competitive research on Gen IV reactor concept, will advance North American effectiveness in the international competition to produce a Gen IV reactor compatible with Canada's expertise and CANDU experience. The short term benefits are (i)fundamental understanding of SCWR chemistry fundamentals and (ii) instrumentation for basic research on near-critical and super-critical systems. Long term benefits are the leadership in manufacturing technology if the reactor is developed in North America, significant reduction in green house gases,  and the energy savings associated with 44% efficiency and the co-generation of hydrogen.

“第四代”CANDU 反应堆是一种新型、极其节能的先进反应堆的概念设计，将于 2025 年投入使用。第四代概念将产生温度高达 625°C 的超临界水，以产生电力、氢气和区域供热。   使用超临界水将热量从反应堆堆芯输送到涡轮机将产生比当前 CANDU 设计中使用的条件更为极端的水化学条件，当前 CANDU 设计的运行温度为 250 至 310°C。  第四代 CANDU 概念的长期可行性取决于设计人员预测和控制水化学的能力，以最大限度地减少放射性核素传输和微妙的腐蚀影响。该提案为一个合作项目寻求资金，该项目将使用特拉华大学开发、现已移至圭尔夫的最先进的电导系统，以确定近临界和超临界条件（300 至 400°C 和 30 MPa）下简单酸、碱和金属盐的电离常数和缔合常数。  电导仪是一种极其专业的高精度设备，是北美仅有的两台具有此功能的仪器之一。  该项目包括设备的升级和校准，以改进超临界区域的操作，测量与第四代蒸汽发生器化学相关的几种酸、碱和盐，以及开发方程来预测这些极端条件下水物质的行为。  这项关于第四代反应堆概念的竞争前研究将提高北美在国际竞争中的效率，以生产与加拿大的专业知识和 CANDU 经验兼容的第四代反应堆。短期好处是 (i) 对 SCWR 化学基础的基本了解和 (ii) 近临界和超临界系统基础研究的仪器。如果该反应器是在北美开发的，那么长期的好处是制造技术的领先地位、温室气体的显着减少、以及与 44% 的效率和热电联产相关的能源节省。