Improving energy performance of buildings during operation

建筑物在其使用寿命期间对环境的影响约占80%。因此，改善建筑物在运作期间的能源表现，有可能大大减轻其环境负担。使用建筑建模和仿真工具来评估能源性能、识别操作问题、提出改造建议和评估新的控制策略正在迅速获得认可。然而，与建筑运行期间的测量结果相比，可用工具对建筑能源使用的预测往往存在差异，这对建筑物的长期能源性能有直接影响。我们提出了三个短期目标，以缩小建筑物的预测性能和测量性能之间的差距，并改善建筑物在运行期间的能源表现：(1)发展一种反馈方法，利用测量的建筑物数据来评估创新设计在运行期间的实际性能，并使未来建筑物的设计能够使用更现实的建模策略和输入参数；(2)在设备层面提出新的校正技术和逆向模型，以考虑运作期间的变化，以提高模拟结果的准确性，以供持续调试和楼宇翻新之用；(3)将监测数据和正在进行的调试技术整合到建筑信息模型（BIM）中。第一个目标是开发一种基于各种性能指标的方法，将运行期间的监测结果与设计模拟结果进行比较。收集和比较设计数据和监测数据，以确定和建立新的建模和模拟技术，以减少未来建筑物的设计和运行性能之间的差异。第二个目标包括开发一种方法来修改仿真工具中使用的性能曲线，并开发机械设备和部件的新模型，以利用监测数据考虑操作期间发生的变化，例如设备退化。在建筑物的运作阶段，为校正目的，将会提出一套一般及系统的方法，以修改建筑物的组成参数。所采取的方法包括获取信息和数据，然后用从测量数据子集或制造商目录数据中提取的数据确定主要设备的输入参数和性能曲线。然后用模拟工具中新识别的输入参数替换默认值或曲线，并在预测和测量之间进行比较。最后一个目标着眼于使用建筑信息模型，通过将能源模拟和测量数据集成到BIM中，进一步改善建筑在运行期间的性能。该方法将包括识别和整合各种现有的正在进行的调试工具和可视化工具，以及新的模块，使建筑操作员能够更好地代表建筑的性能和问题。建议的目标是不断改善楼宇从设计到运作的表现。这方面往往被业界所忽视，在运作阶段延长设计工具的有用性，并包括测量数据来改进设计方法，建筑物的整体性能将得到提高。随着能源目标变得越来越严格，这一领域的研究对于确保建筑物的长期能源性能变得至关重要，通过在运行的最初几年保持性能要求。

Building operation accounts for about 80% of the environmental impacts of buildings over their lifetime. Hence, improving energy performance of buildings during operation has the potential to significantly lessen their environmental burden. The use of building modelling and simulation tools to assess energy performance, identify operation issues, propose retrofits, and evaluate new control strategies is rapidly gaining acceptance. However, there are often discrepancies between predictions of building energy use by the available tools compared to measurements made during building operation, which has a direct impact on the long-term energy performance of buildings. Three short-term objectives are proposed to bridge the gap between predicted and measured performance of buildings and improve the energy performance of building during operation: (1) to develop a feedback methodology where measured building data are used to assess the actual performance of innovative designs during operation and enable the use of more realistic modelling strategies and input parameters for the design of future buildings; (2)to propose new calibration techniques and inverse models at the equipment level to account for changes during operation to improve the accuracy of the simulation results for ongoing commissioning and building retrofit purposes; (3) to integrate monitored data and ongoing commissioning techniques to building information models (BIM). The first objective aims to develop a methodology based on various performance indices to compare the monitored results during operation with design simulation results. Design data and monitored data are collected and compared to identify and establish new modelling and simulation techniques to reduce the discrepancies between design and operation performances for future buildings. The second objective consists of the development of an approach to modify performance curves used in simulation tools and the development of new models for mechanical equipment and components to take into account changes occurring during operation, such as equipment degradation, using monitored data. A general and systematic approach will be proposed for the modification of component parameters during the operation phase of buildings for calibration purposes. The approach undertaken includes the acquisition of information and data, followed by the identification of input parameters and performance curves of major equipment with data extracted from a subset of measured data or from the manufacturer's catalog data. The default values or curves are then replaced with the newly identified input parameters in the simulation tools and a comparison between the predictions and measurements is carried out. The last objective looks at using building information models to further improve the performance of buildings during operation by integrating energy simulation and measured data to BIM. The methodology will consist of identifying and integrating various existing ongoing commissioning tools and visualisation tools as well as new modules to allow the building operator to have a better representation of the building performance and problems. The proposed objectives are a step towards the continuous improvement of building performance from design to operation. This aspect is often neglected by the industry and by prolonging the usefulness of the design tools during the operation phase and including measured data to improve design approaches, the overall performance of buildings will be enhanced. As energy targets become more stringent, research in this field is becoming critical to ensure the long-term energy performance of buildings by maintaining the performance requirements beyond the first few years of operation.