Maintaining biodiversity in managed forests in the face of multiple ecosystem stressors

入侵物种和气候变化带来的压力越来越大，很可能是造成受管理森林生物多样性下降的主要原因。生物多样性的恢复和长期持续可能只有通过1)生境拯救(HR)或2)进化拯救(ER)，其中森林的弹性和返回的栖息地质量足以维持居民物种的正增长，而外部应激源引发生活史特征的快速进化，从而促进适合性和维持正的种群增长。在这份提案中，我将提供一个全面的研究计划，详细说明HR和ER如何影响管理森林的生物多样性，以及如何将HR/ER整合到旨在适应/过渡全球变化下的森林的土地利用战略中。 我已经提出了一系列雄心勃勃的实地实验/研究，将通过人力资源验证生物多样性的恢复率，并测试ER的关键假设。这些实验将在加拿大东部的一个生态系统管理研究网络中进行，在那里，我在过去20年里测量了100种地面甲虫的生物多样性反应。这些研究建立在我开创的长期研究的基础上，并采用了严格的操纵性现场实验，以确定本地招募/快速进化与分散控制的区域动态之间的相对重要性。该项目的一个独特方面是对生活史在繁殖力和传播力方面的权衡进行了回顾研究，这将通过对20年来收集的保存下来的地面甲虫的解剖来量化。这项实验将使我们能够观察到与HR和ER相关的生活史特征的任何变化--当它们发生时。 这些研究将用于1)表征HR的速度，2)评估HR/ER导致的当地种群生活史特征的变化，3)确定HR/ER的扩散等区域过程的相关性，4)评估入侵物种的直接和间接影响，5)HR/ER/气候变化对长期生物多样性反应的综合影响，以预测未来在适应全球变化的营林战略下的生物多样性，以及通过与包括原住民和农村社区在内的不同利益攸关方协商而制定的其他土地利用情景。 该研究计划将为土地管理者和政策制定者提供恢复生物多样性的量化时间表。在受管理的森林生态系统的自然社区示范环境退化将提出一套全新的战略，以养护生物多样性，并可能利用森林管理将生物多样性过渡到未来的森林景观。从字面意义上讲，这构成了适应性森林管理。它还将预测可用于评估气候变化适应性营林战略的未来BioScapes，以及与原住民和农村社区等更广泛的利益攸关方共同制定的更具包容性的管理情景。

Increasing stress from invasive species and climate change will likely be major contributors to biodiversity decline in managed forests. Recovery and long-term persistence of biodiversity will likely only occur through 1) habitat rescue' (HR) where forest resilience and returning habitat quality are sufficient to maintain positive growth of resident species or 2) an evolutionary rescue' (ER) whereby external stressors provoke rapid evolution in life history traits that promote fitness and maintain positive population growth. In this proposal, I provide a comprehensive research program that will detail how HR and ER affect biodiversity in managed forests and how HR/ER can be integrated into land-use strategies meant to adapt/transition forests under global change. I have proposed an ambitious series of field experiments/studies that will validate recovery rate of biodiversity through HR and test key assumptions of ER. These experiments will be conducted within a network of ecosystem management studies in Eastern Canada where I have measured biodiversity response of >100 species of ground beetles over the last two decades. These studies build on long-term studies that I have pioneered and employ rigorous, manipulative field experiments required to identify the relative importance of local recruitment/rapid evolution vs regional dynamics governed by dispersal. A unique aspect of this project is a retrospective study of life-history trade-offs in fecundity and dispersal capacity that will be quantified by dissection of preserved ground beetles collected over 20 years. This experiment will allow us to observe any changes in life-history traits related to HR and ER - as they happened. Together these studies will serve to 1) characterize speed of HR, 2) evaluate changes in life history traits in local populations resultant from HR/ER, 3) identify the relevance of regional process like dispersal for HR/ER, 4) evaluate direct and indirect effects of invasive species, 5) integrate effects of HR/ER/climate change on long-term biodiversity response to predict future bioscapes' under adaptive silvicultural strategies for global change and other land-use scenarios developed through consultation with diverse stakeholders including first nations and rural communities. This research program will provide land-managers and policy makers with quantitative time-tables for recovery of biodiversity. Demonstration of ER in natural communities in managed forest ecosystems would present an entirely new set of strategies to conserve and possibly use forest management to transition biodiversity to future forest landscapes. This constitutes adaptive forest management' in the most literal sense. It will also predict future bioscapes' that can be used to assess adaptive silvicultural strategies for climate change as well and more inclusive management scenarios developed with a wider range of stakeholders such as first nations and rural communities.