Maintaining biodiversity in managed forests in the face of multiple ecosystem stressors

外来入侵物种带来的压力增加和气候变化可能是造成管理森林生物多样性下降的主要原因。生物多样性的恢复和长期持续可能只能通过以下途径实现：1)“栖息地救援”（HR），即森林恢复力和栖息地质量的恢复足以维持常驻物种的正增长；2)“进化救援”（ER），即外部压力刺激生活史特征的快速进化，从而促进适应性和维持种群的正增长。在这一建议中，我提供了一个全面的研究计划，将详细说明人力资源和资源利用率如何影响管理森林的生物多样性，以及如何将人力资源/资源利用率纳入旨在适应/过渡全球变化的森林的土地利用战略。我已经提出了一系列雄心勃勃的实地实验/研究，将通过人力资源来验证生物多样性的恢复速度，并测试ER的关键假设。这些实验将在加拿大东部的一个生态系统管理研究网络中进行，在过去的二十年里，我在那里测量了100多种地面甲虫的生物多样性反应。这些研究建立在我开创的长期研究的基础上，并采用严格的、可操作的实地实验来确定本地招募/快速进化与由分散控制的区域动态的相对重要性。该项目的一个独特之处在于，它将通过解剖保存了20多年的地面甲虫，对繁殖力和扩散能力的生活史权衡进行回顾性研究。这个实验将允许我们观察与HR和ER相关的生活史特征的任何变化。总之，这些研究将有助于1)表征人力资源的速度，2)评估人力资源/人力资源对当地种群生活史特征的影响，3)确定人力资源/人力资源扩散等区域过程的相关性，4)评估入侵物种的直接和间接影响。5)综合人力资源/生态资源/气候变化对长期生物多样性响应的影响，预测全球变化和其他土地利用情景下适应性造林战略下的未来“生物景观”。这些战略是通过与包括原住民和农村社区在内的不同利益相关者协商制定的。这一研究项目将为土地管理者和政策制定者提供恢复生物多样性的定量时间表。在受管理的森林生态系统中，自然群落的生态适应性证明将为保护和可能利用森林管理将生物多样性过渡到未来的森林景观提供一套全新的战略。这就构成了最字面意义上的“适应性森林管理”。它还将预测未来的“生物景观”，可用于评估应对气候变化的适应性造林战略，以及与原住民和农村社区等更广泛的利益攸关方共同制定的更具包容性的管理方案。

Increasing stress from invasive species and climate change will likely be major contributors to biodiversity decline in managed forests. Recovery and long-term persistence of biodiversity will likely only occur through 1) `habitat rescue' (HR) where forest resilience and returning habitat quality are sufficient to maintain positive growth of resident species or 2) an `evolutionary rescue' (ER) whereby external stressors provoke rapid evolution in life history traits that promote fitness and maintain positive population growth. In this proposal, I provide a comprehensive research program that will detail how HR and ER affect biodiversity in managed forests and how HR/ER can be integrated into land-use strategies meant to adapt/transition forests under global change. I have proposed an ambitious series of field experiments/studies that will validate recovery rate of biodiversity through HR and test key assumptions of ER. These experiments will be conducted within a network of ecosystem management studies in Eastern Canada where I have measured biodiversity response of >100 species of ground beetles over the last two decades. These studies build on long-term studies that I have pioneered and employ rigorous, manipulative field experiments required to identify the relative importance of local recruitment/rapid evolution vs regional dynamics governed by dispersal. A unique aspect of this project is a retrospective study of life-history trade-offs in fecundity and dispersal capacity that will be quantified by dissection of preserved ground beetles collected over 20 years. This experiment will allow us to observe any changes in life-history traits related to HR and ER - as they happened. Together these studies will serve to 1) characterize speed of HR, 2) evaluate changes in life history traits in local populations resultant from HR/ER, 3) identify the relevance of regional process like dispersal for HR/ER, 4) evaluate direct and indirect effects of invasive species, 5) integrate effects of HR/ER/climate change on long-term biodiversity response to predict future `bioscapes' under adaptive silvicultural strategies for global change and other land-use scenarios developed through consultation with diverse stakeholders including first nations and rural communities. This research program will provide land-managers and policy makers with quantitative time-tables for recovery of biodiversity. Demonstration of ER in natural communities in managed forest ecosystems would present an entirely new set of strategies to conserve and possibly use forest management to transition biodiversity to future forest landscapes. This constitutes `adaptive forest management' in the most literal sense. It will also predict future `bioscapes' that can be used to assess adaptive silvicultural strategies for climate change as well and more inclusive management scenarios developed with a wider range of stakeholders such as first nations and rural communities.