The Sources and Effects of Knowledge Spillovers

9320973贾菲知识溢出是理解技术进步进程、它如何促进经济增长以及如何有效地利用政策杠杆通过创新促进增长的关键。当大学和政府实验室产生基础研究成果，为私营部门的应用研究提供基础时，知识溢出就会产生；当研究人员利用其他私人机构产生的知识时，也会在私营部门产生知识溢出。然而，尽管这很重要，而且经过了十年的研究，关键问题仍然没有得到回答。例如，我们不知道不同机构、不同行业和不同地理区域在产生溢出方面的相对重要性；溢出在多大程度上被限制在地方或国家边界内；企业利用他人溢出的能力是否以及如何变化；溢出所代表的公共知识流动如何随着时间的推移而变化。该项目的贡献来自于汇编一个关于专利的全面数据库，通过对其他证据的详细检查来验证专利引用作为知识流动证据的使用，并使用数据集来解决这些悬而未决的问题。更具体地说，该项目建立了一个全面的数据库，其中包括1975年至1993年期间授予的所有专利以及这些专利的所有引用，包括对1871年以前的专利的引用。引文数据库用于绘制跨时间、跨部门、跨地理区域和不同机构(如公司、大学和政府实验室)之间的知识流动图，并衡量特定发明或特定公司、部门或地区持有的发明组合的“基础性”和适用性。该数据库将与NBER研发小组数据集合并，该数据集包含2000多家公司的年度财务和市场价值信息。它还将与人口普查LRD按机构划分的生产数据以及人口普查-NSF工业研发调查数据合并。这些数据集将被用来探索一些重要的问题，这些问题是技术变革经济学的核心，对技术政策至关重要。

9320973 Jaffe Knowledge spillovers are key to understanding the process of technological progress, how it contributes to economic growth, and how policy levers can be used effectively to foster growth through innovation. Knowledge spillovers are created when universities and government labs produce the basic research results that provide the foundation for applied research in the private sector; they are also created in the private sector, when researchers take advantage of knowledge produced by other private agents. Yet, despite this importance and a decade of research, crucial questions remain unanswered. For example, we do not know the relative importance of different institutions, different industries and different geographic regions in generating spillovers; the extent to which spillovers are contained within local or national boundaries; whether and how firms vary in their ability to use spillovers from others; and how the public knowledge flows that spillovers represent have varied over time. The contribution of this project comes from assembling a comprehensive database on patents, validating the use of patent citations as evidence of knowledge flows through the detailed examination of other evidence, and using the datasets to address these unanswered questions. More specifically, the project constructs a comprehensive database on all patents granted between 1975 and 1993 and all citations made by those patents, including references to earlier patents going back to 1871. The citations database is used to map the flows of knowledge across time and among sectors, geographic regions, and different institutions such as firms, universities and government labs, and to measure the "basicness" and appropriability of particular inventions or the portfolio of inventions held by particular firms, sectors or regions. The database will be merged with the NBER R&D Panel dataset, which contains annual financial and market value information on over 2000 firms. It will also be merged with the Census LRD data on production by establishment, and the Census-NSF industrial R&D survey data. These datasets will be used to explore a number of important questions at the heart of the economics of technological change and crucial to technology policy.