The Interaction of Affect and Deliberation in Decision Making

拟议的研究试图阐明相互关联的作用，影响和审议指导判断和决策。如这里所使用的，“影响”是指“好”或“坏”的特定质量（i）作为一种感觉状态（有或没有意识）而体验，以及（ii）划分刺激的积极或消极质量。我们把在做判断或决定时依赖这种感觉称为“情感启发式”。“认知和社会心理学以及认知神经科学的研究，告诉我们两种基本的思维模式，经验和分析。经验系统是直观的，自动的，基于图像的，快速的，并与情感密切相关。分析系统是深思熟虑的，基于理性的，缓慢的。这两种制度都有很强的合理性。正是经验系统使人类在漫长的进化过程中得以生存。早在概率论、风险评估和决策分析出现之前，就有直觉、本能和直觉告诉我们动物是否可以安全接近，水是否可以安全饮用。随着生活变得越来越复杂，人类对环境的控制越来越多，分析工具被发明出来，以“提升”我们经验思维的合理性。我们计划在这个项目中进行实验，以更好地理解情感在决策中的作用，以及经验思维模式和基于情感的思维模式之间的相互作用。这些实验的目的是测试个人和环境因素，如时间压力，认知负荷，年龄，情绪和指导思考或给出理由的方式影响情感和审议处理的平衡以及由此产生的判断和决定的具体预测。我们还将讨论这项研究的更广泛的影响，通过展示研究结果如何提供洞察力，以改善涉及金融，医疗，吸烟，健康保险和风险认知等事项的广泛的重要实际决策。

The proposed research attempts to articulate the interrelated roles of affect and deliberation in guiding judgments and decisions. As used here, "affect" means the specific quality of "goodness" or "badness" (i) experienced as a feeling state (with or without awareness) and (ii) demarcating a positive or negative quality of a stimulus. We have characterized reliance on such feelings when making judgments or decisions as "the affect heuristic."Research in cognitive and social psychology and cognitive neuroscience that informs us about two basic modes of thinking, experiential and analytic. The experiential system is intuitive, automatic, image-based, fast, and intimately associated with affective feelings. The analytic system is deliberative, reason-based, and slow. There are strong elements of rationality in both systems. It was the experiential system that enabled human beings to survive during their long period of evolution. Long before there was probability theory, risk assessment, and decision analysis, there were intuition, instinct, and gut feelings to tell us whether an animal was safe to approach or the water was safe to drink. As life became more complex and humans gained more control over their environment, analytic tools were invented to "boost" the rationality of our experiential thinking.We plan in this project to conduct experiments to better understand the role of affect in decision making and the interaction between the experiential, affect-based mode of thinking and more analytic and deliberative processes. These experiments are designed to test specific predictions about the way that individual and environmental factors such as time pressure, cognitive load, age, mood, and instruction to think or give reasons influence the balance of affective and deliberative processing and the judgments and decisions that result from this processing. We shall also address the broader impacts of this research, by demonstrating how the findings provide insight into ways to improve a wide-range of important practical decisions about matters involving finance, medical treatments, cigarette smoking, health insurance, and risk perception.